Injectable Thymosin β4-Modified Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel with Exosomes for Stem Cell Homing and Neuronic-Angiogenic-Osteogenic Coupled Cranial Repair.

Xi Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Qiu B, Wang W, Xu G, Sun Z, Shi F, Liang W, Wu J, Wu J

ACS nano17 Jun 2025Cited by 17 (Europe PMC)

PMID40528381DOI10.1021/acsnano.4c10386PepBankPUB-40528381

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study9

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone9

In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

01AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats, the Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel promoted neurogenesis at the bone defect.
In plain wordsIn rats, the hydrogel that combines thymosin beta‑4 and exosomes promoted new nerve growth at the bone defect.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseNeurogenesis at the bone defect
Study
ratn: not reported in source
rat cranial bone defect
Outcome group
Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
In vivo studies revealed that the hydrogel successfully promoted both neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and new bone formation.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
fostering rat bone repair through the synergistic promotion of in situ stem cell recruitment, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and osteogenesis.
Summary · context
In this study, we successfully developed a multifunctional injectable Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel platform by grafting Tβ4 onto methylmalonic anhydride-modified hyaluronic acid (HAMA) via photo-cross-linking and then encapsulating BMSC-derived exosomes.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4052838106
02AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats, the Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel promoted angiogenesis at the bone defect.
In plain wordsIn rats, the hydrogel that combines thymosin beta‑4 and exosomes promoted new blood vessel growth at the bone defect.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseAngiogenesis at the bone defect
Study
ratn: not reported in source
rat cranial bone defect
Outcome group
Angiogenesis · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
In vivo studies revealed that the hydrogel successfully promoted both neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and new bone formation.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
fostering rat bone repair through the synergistic promotion of in situ stem cell recruitment, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and osteogenesis.
Summary · context
In this study, we successfully developed a multifunctional injectable Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel platform by grafting Tβ4 onto methylmalonic anhydride-modified hyaluronic acid (HAMA) via photo-cross-linking and then encapsulating BMSC-derived exosomes.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4052838107
03AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats, the Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel promoted new bone formation at the bone defect.
In plain wordsIn rats, the hydrogel that combines thymosin beta‑4 and exosomes promoted new bone growth at the bone defect.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseNew bone formation
Study
ratn: not reported in source
rat cranial bone defect
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
In vivo studies revealed that the hydrogel successfully promoted both neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and new bone formation.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
fostering rat bone repair through the synergistic promotion of in situ stem cell recruitment, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and osteogenesis.
Summary · context
In this study, we successfully developed a multifunctional injectable Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel platform by grafting Tβ4 onto methylmalonic anhydride-modified hyaluronic acid (HAMA) via photo-cross-linking and then encapsulating BMSC-derived exosomes.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4052838108
04AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
The Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel facilitated osteogenesis through the ERK1/2-dependent RUNX2 signaling pathway.
In plain wordsThe hydrogel that combines thymosin beta‑4 and exosomes helped bone formation through the ERK1/2 and RUNX2 signaling pathway.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseOsteogenesis through ERK1/2-dependent RUNX2 signaling
Study
ratn: not reported in source
rat cranial bone defect
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
It also facilitated osteogenesis through the ERK1/2-dependent RUNX2 signaling pathway.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this study, we successfully developed a multifunctional injectable Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel platform by grafting Tβ4 onto methylmalonic anhydride-modified hyaluronic acid (HAMA) via photo-cross-linking and then encapsulating BMSC-derived exosomes.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4052838109
05LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Safety outcome
The Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel showed favorable biocompatibility in vitro.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, the hydrogel that combines thymosin beta‑4 and exosomes was compatible with cells.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableBiocompatibility of the hydrogel
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
In vitro results demonstrated that the Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel exhibited improved mechanical properties, favorable biocompatibility, and the ability to significantly recruit BMSCs.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this study, we successfully developed a multifunctional injectable Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel platform by grafting Tβ4 onto methylmalonic anhydride-modified hyaluronic acid (HAMA) via photo-cross-linking and then encapsulating BMSC-derived exosomes.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4052838102
06LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome
The Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel significantly recruited bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, the hydrogel that combines thymosin beta‑4 and exosomes drew stem cells toward it.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseBMSC recruitment
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
In vitro results demonstrated that the Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel exhibited improved mechanical properties, favorable biocompatibility, and the ability to significantly recruit BMSCs.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this study, we successfully developed a multifunctional injectable Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel platform by grafting Tβ4 onto methylmalonic anhydride-modified hyaluronic acid (HAMA) via photo-cross-linking and then encapsulating BMSC-derived exosomes.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4052838103
07LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome
The Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel showed superior vasculogenic effects on HUVECs in vitro.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, the hydrogel that combines thymosin beta‑4 and exosomes promoted blood vessel formation by endothelial cells.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseVasculogenic effect on HUVECs
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Angiogenesis · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Additionally, it showed superior vasculogenic effects on HUVECs and osteogenic differentiation potentials on BMSCs.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this study, we successfully developed a multifunctional injectable Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel platform by grafting Tβ4 onto methylmalonic anhydride-modified hyaluronic acid (HAMA) via photo-cross-linking and then encapsulating BMSC-derived exosomes.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4052838104
08LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome
The Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel showed superior osteogenic differentiation potential on BMSCs in vitro.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, the hydrogel that combines thymosin beta‑4 and exosomes helped stem cells turn into bone-forming cells.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseOsteogenic differentiation of BMSCs
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
Additionally, it showed superior vasculogenic effects on HUVECs and osteogenic differentiation potentials on BMSCs.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this study, we successfully developed a multifunctional injectable Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel platform by grafting Tβ4 onto methylmalonic anhydride-modified hyaluronic acid (HAMA) via photo-cross-linking and then encapsulating BMSC-derived exosomes.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4052838105
09LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
The Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel (Tβ4 grafted onto hyaluronic acid, with BMSC exosomes) showed improved mechanical properties in vitro.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, the hydrogel that combines thymosin beta‑4 and exosomes had better mechanical properties.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseMechanical properties of the hydrogel
Study
n: not reported in source
hydrogel
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
In vitro results demonstrated that the Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel exhibited improved mechanical properties, favorable biocompatibility, and the ability to significantly recruit BMSCs.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this study, we successfully developed a multifunctional injectable Exo@Tβ4/HAMA hydrogel platform by grafting Tβ4 onto methylmalonic anhydride-modified hyaluronic acid (HAMA) via photo-cross-linking and then encapsulating BMSC-derived exosomes.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4052838101

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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