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Study · Randomized controlled trial · 2025

13 results

Association of Hospitalizations With Randomized Glycemia-Lowering Treatment in GRADE.

Hsia DS, Younes N, Ghosh A, Kazemi EJ, Krause-Steinrauf H, Buse JB, Baker C, Brown-Friday J, Diaz E, Diner J, Groessl EJ, Legowski EA and 4 more

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Mariash CN, Waltje AH, Wexler DJ, Martin CL

Diabetes care1 Jul 2025

PMID40424051 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC12178615 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.2337/dc24-2839 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-40424051
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study13

2 results from studies that gave the peptide. 2 results from people.

  1. 01HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In metformin-treated GRADE participants, liraglutide was associated with lower first-hospitalization hazard than glimepiride in the on-assigned-treatment set (HR 0.78,95% CI 0.66 to0.92;P=0.022); the two-arm analyzed N was unstated.

    In plain wordsIn GRADE participants on metformin, liraglutide was linked to lower first-hospitalization hazard than glimepiride in the on-assigned-treatment analysis.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseTime to first hospitalization
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    glimepiride
    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Hazard ratio
    0.78
    liraglutide versus glimepiride; AT set
    95% CI
    0.66 to 0.92
    AT hazard ratio
    P-value
    0.022
    native AT comparison

    Source sentences

    Summary
    but a reduced hazard rate was observed for those taking liraglutide versus those taking glimepiride in the AT data set (hazard ratio 0.78 [95% CI 0.66, 0.92]; P = 0.022).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Intention-to-treat (ITT) (N = 5,047) and on-assigned-treatment (AT) (N = 4,830) data sets were used.
    Summary · context
    Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine incidence for time to first hospitalization, and log-rank tests were used to determine treatment group differences.
  2. 02HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In metformin-treated GRADE participants, randomized assignment to liraglutide versus glimepiride reduced subsequent-hospitalization risk by 13%; the coefficient type, analysis subset N and exposure duration were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn GRADE participants on metformin, liraglutide assignment lowered subsequent-hospitalization risk by 13% compared with glimepiride.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseRisk of subsequent hospitalizations
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    glimepiride
    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Risk reduction
    13%
    liraglutide versus glimepiride

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Assignment to liraglutide versus glimepiride reduced this risk by 13%.
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Time-to-event analyses were used to examine factors affecting subsequent hospitalization risk.
    Summary · context
    Factors increasing the risk for subsequent hospitalizations included meeting the secondary outcome (HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed), each prior hospitalization, and change from assigned treatment (29%, 41%, and 56% increase in risk, respectively).

Studies that did not test the peptide alone11

In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  1. 03HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In metformin-treated GRADE participants, randomized groups including liraglutide showed no statistically significant ITT difference in first-hospitalization incidence (P=0.148); no native-specific ITT coefficient was reported.

    In plain wordsIn GRADE participants on metformin, randomized drug groups including liraglutide showed no significant ITT difference in first-hospitalization incidence.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeTime to first hospitalization
    Study

    n = 5,047

    Comparator
    Randomized insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide and sitagliptin groups
    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body

    Measurements

    ITT omnibus P-value
    0.148
    time to first hospitalization across all four randomized groups

    Source sentences

    Summary
    There were no treatment group differences in incidence for time to first hospitalization in the ITT data set (P = 0.148)
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Intention-to-treat (ITT) (N = 5,047) and on-assigned-treatment (AT) (N = 4,830) data sets were used.
    Summary · context
    Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine incidence for time to first hospitalization, and log-rank tests were used to determine treatment group differences.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  2. 04HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In GRADE participants on metformin, 1,636 (32.4%) were hospitalized at least once across all randomized drug groups including liraglutide; no native-specific rate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn GRADE participants on metformin, 32.4% across all drug groups were hospitalized at least once; no liraglutide-specific rate was reported.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    Not applicableHospitalization at least once
    Study

    n = 5,047

    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body

    Measurements

    Participant proportion
    32.4%
    at least once across all groups; not event frequency or native rate

    Source sentences

    Summary
    During GRADE, 1,636 participants (32.4%) were hospitalized at least once and 751 (14.9%) were hospitalized more than once.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Intention-to-treat (ITT) (N = 5,047) and on-assigned-treatment (AT) (N = 4,830) data sets were used.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  3. 05HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In GRADE participants on metformin, 751 (14.9%) were hospitalized more than once across all randomized drug groups including liraglutide; no native-specific rate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn GRADE participants on metformin, 14.9% across all drug groups were hospitalized more than once; no liraglutide-specific rate was reported.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    Not applicableHospitalization more than once
    Study

    n = 5,047

    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body

    Measurements

    Hospitalized participants
    751 participants
    more than once across all groups
    Participant proportion
    14.9%
    more than once across all groups; not event frequency or native rate

    Source sentences

    Summary
    During GRADE, 1,636 participants (32.4%) were hospitalized at least once and 751 (14.9%) were hospitalized more than once.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Intention-to-treat (ITT) (N = 5,047) and on-assigned-treatment (AT) (N = 4,830) data sets were used.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  4. 06HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In measured time-to-event analyses of pooled GRADE cohorts on metformin including liraglutide, confirmed HbA1c above 7.5% was associated with 29% greater subsequent-hospitalization risk; exact parameter reference and analyzed N were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn pooled GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, confirmed HbA1c above 7.5% was linked to 29% higher subsequent-hospitalization risk; the reference was unstated.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseRisk of subsequent hospitalizations with confirmed HbA1c above 7.5%
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body

    Measurements

    Risk increase
    29%
    confirmed HbA1c above 7.5%

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Factors increasing the risk for subsequent hospitalizations included meeting the secondary outcome (HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed), each prior hospitalization, and change from assigned treatment (29%, 41%, and 56% increase in risk, respectively).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Time-to-event analyses were used to examine factors affecting subsequent hospitalization risk.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  5. 07HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In measured time-to-event analyses of pooled GRADE cohorts on metformin including liraglutide, each prior hospitalization was associated with 41% greater subsequent-hospitalization risk; exact parameter reference and analyzed N were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn pooled GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, each prior hospitalization was linked to 41% higher subsequent-hospitalization risk; the exact reference was unstated.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseRisk of subsequent hospitalizations with each prior hospitalization
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body

    Measurements

    Risk increase
    41%
    each prior hospitalization

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Factors increasing the risk for subsequent hospitalizations included meeting the secondary outcome (HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed), each prior hospitalization, and change from assigned treatment (29%, 41%, and 56% increase in risk, respectively).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Time-to-event analyses were used to examine factors affecting subsequent hospitalization risk.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  6. 08HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In measured time-to-event analyses of pooled GRADE cohorts on metformin including liraglutide, change from assigned treatment was associated with 56% greater subsequent-hospitalization risk; exact parameter reference and analyzed N were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn pooled GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, change from assigned treatment was linked to 56% higher subsequent-hospitalization risk; the exact reference was unstated.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseRisk of subsequent hospitalizations with change from assigned treatment
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body

    Measurements

    Risk increase
    56%
    change from assigned treatment

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Factors increasing the risk for subsequent hospitalizations included meeting the secondary outcome (HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed), each prior hospitalization, and change from assigned treatment (29%, 41%, and 56% increase in risk, respectively).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Time-to-event analyses were used to examine factors affecting subsequent hospitalization risk.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  7. 09HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In pooled metformin-treated GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, hospitalized participants had older age than those not hospitalized; the group coefficient and analyzed N were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn pooled GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, hospitalized participants had older age than nonhospitalized participants; no drug effect was reported.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseAge in hospitalized versus nonhospitalized participants
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Participants not hospitalized
    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Hospitalized participants were older, less likely to be Hispanic, more likely to be White, and more likely to have a history of hypertension and had higher baseline BMI.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Baseline differences between those hospitalized versus those not hospitalized were assessed.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  8. 10HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In pooled metformin-treated GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, hospitalized participants had a lower Hispanic proportion than those not hospitalized; the group coefficient and analyzed N were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn pooled GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, hospitalized participants had a lower Hispanic proportion than nonhospitalized participants; no drug effect was reported.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseHispanic ethnicity in hospitalized versus nonhospitalized participants
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Participants not hospitalized
    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Hospitalized participants were older, less likely to be Hispanic, more likely to be White, and more likely to have a history of hypertension and had higher baseline BMI.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Baseline differences between those hospitalized versus those not hospitalized were assessed.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  9. 11HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In pooled metformin-treated GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, hospitalized participants had a higher White proportion than those not hospitalized; the group coefficient and analyzed N were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn pooled GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, hospitalized participants had a higher White proportion than nonhospitalized participants; no drug effect was reported.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseWhite race in hospitalized versus nonhospitalized participants
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Participants not hospitalized
    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Hospitalized participants were older, less likely to be Hispanic, more likely to be White, and more likely to have a history of hypertension and had higher baseline BMI.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Baseline differences between those hospitalized versus those not hospitalized were assessed.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  10. 12HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In pooled metformin-treated GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, hospitalized participants had more hypertension history than those not hospitalized; the group coefficient and analyzed N were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn pooled GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, hospitalized participants had more hypertension history than nonhospitalized participants; no drug effect was reported.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseHistory of hypertension in hospitalized versus nonhospitalized participants
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Participants not hospitalized
    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Hospitalized participants were older, less likely to be Hispanic, more likely to be White, and more likely to have a history of hypertension and had higher baseline BMI.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Baseline differences between those hospitalized versus those not hospitalized were assessed.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  11. 13HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In pooled metformin-treated GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, hospitalized participants had higher baseline BMI than those not hospitalized; the group coefficient and analyzed N were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn pooled GRADE cohorts including liraglutide, hospitalized participants had higher baseline BMI than nonhospitalized participants; no drug effect was reported.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseBaseline BMI in hospitalized versus nonhospitalized participants
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Participants not hospitalized
    Outcome group
    Intensive care and hospital outcomes · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Hospitalized participants were older, less likely to be Hispanic, more likely to be White, and more likely to have a history of hypertension and had higher baseline BMI.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
    Summary · context
    Baseline differences between those hospitalized versus those not hospitalized were assessed.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 completed · 1 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

CompletedPhase 3Results postedNCT01794143

A Comparative Effectiveness Study of Major Glycemia-lowering Medications for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

GRADE Study Groupn = 7,850May 2013 to 30 Apr 2021

Type 2 Diabetes · Comparative Effectiveness of Glycemia-lowering Medications

Trial pageClinicalTrials.govUpdated 10 Feb 2026

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    12 Oct 2026, 11:11 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:04 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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