Skip to content

Study · Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2025

7 results

Effect of histidine and carnosine on haemoglobin recovery in anaemia induced-kidney damage and iron-loading mouse models.

Vera-Aviles M, Moreno-Fernandez J, Kose T, Hider R, Latunde-Dada GO

Amino acids12 May 2025Cited by 2 (Europe PMC)

PMID40355605 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC12069506 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1007/s00726-025-03451-8 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-40355605
Download PDFPubMedAsk about this study
Jump to 7 results

Summary

Histidine and carnosine can form complexes with divalent metal ions such as Fe2+, potentially providing stability to intracellular labile iron. Anaemia is a common comorbidity in the late stages of kidney disease, and patients are treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and iron supplementation. However, iron supplementation is also associated with worse long-term outcomes. The purpose of this study is to investigate how histidine and carnosine supplementation can reduce symptoms of anaemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the effects associated with iron-overloaded conditions. Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease mice were treated with histidine and carnosine by oral gavage for 10 days. Additionally, a model involving iron overload in mice was established, and these mice received concurrent treatment with histidine and carnosine. Haemoglobin, non-haem iron, malondialdehyde (MDA) and iron parameters were measured. Carnosine increased erythropoietin (EPO) levels (35.62 µg/ml ± 11.43) and resulted in haemoglobin repletion (16.7 g/dL ± 3.4). When iron was supplemented alongside with histidine or carnosine, there were better effects on haemoglobin repletion (14.22 ± 1.7 and 13.82 ± 2.15 g/ dL respectively), ferritin (59.5 ± 16.4, 52 ± 29.5 µg/ml) and non-haem iron (0.8 ± 0.21, 0.7 ± 0.38 nmol/mg), than the group receiving iron alone (p < 0.05). Furthermore, histidine and carnosine reduced non-haem iron and MDA, in iron-loaded conditions (p < 0.05). These positive effects observed in histidine and carnosine could be associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. EPO restoring levels in CKD model and the increment in haemoglobin and ferritin in carnosine treatments suggested the potential formation of a ternary complex with iron-glutathione. In conclusion, our results indicate the beneficial effect of histidine and carnosine in the context of iron supplementation for the correction of haemoglobin and protection against iron-loaded conditions.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study7

7 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In CKD mice, carnosine increased erythropoietin levels to 35.62 ± 11.43 µg/ml.

    In plain wordsIn mice with kidney disease, carnosine increased erythropoietin levels.

    Peptide
    L-carnosine
    Outcome
    IncreaseErythropoietin levels
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease
    Outcome group
    Blood counts and hematopoiesis · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral gavage · 10 daysAs given in this study (mouse).

    Measurements

    Erythropoietin
    35.62 µg/ml
    carnosine

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Carnosine increased erythropoietin (EPO) levels (35.62 µg/ml ± 11.43) and resulted in haemoglobin repletion (16.7 g/dL ± 3.4).
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease mice were treated with histidine and carnosine by oral gavage for 10 days.
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In CKD mice, carnosine resulted in haemoglobin repletion of 16.7 ± 3.4 g/dL.

    In plain wordsIn mice with kidney disease, carnosine restored haemoglobin.

    Peptide
    L-carnosine
    Outcome
    IncreaseHaemoglobin repletion
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease
    Outcome group
    Blood counts and hematopoiesis · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral gavage · 10 daysAs given in this study (mouse).

    Measurements

    Haemoglobin
    16.7 g/dL
    carnosine

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Carnosine increased erythropoietin (EPO) levels (35.62 µg/ml ± 11.43) and resulted in haemoglobin repletion (16.7 g/dL ± 3.4).
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease mice were treated with histidine and carnosine by oral gavage for 10 days.
  3. 03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice, iron plus carnosine improved haemoglobin repletion versus iron alone, with haemoglobin of 13.82 ± 2.15 g/ dL.

    In plain wordsIn mice, iron plus carnosine improved haemoglobin restoration more than iron alone.

    Peptide
    L-carnosine
    Outcome
    IncreaseHaemoglobin with iron supplementation
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease
    Comparator
    Iron alone
    Outcome group
    Blood counts and hematopoiesis · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral gavage · 10 daysAs given in this study (mouse).

    Measurements

    Haemoglobin
    13.82 g/ dL
    iron plus carnosine

    Source sentences

    Summary
    When iron was supplemented alongside with histidine or carnosine, there were better effects on haemoglobin repletion (14.22 ± 1.7 and 13.82 ± 2.15 g/ dL respectively), ferritin (59.5 ± 16.4, 52 ± 29.5 µg/ml) and non-haem iron (0.8 ± 0.21, 0.7 ± 0.38 nmol/mg), than the group receiving iron alone (p < 0.05).
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease mice were treated with histidine and carnosine by oral gavage for 10 days.
  4. 04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice, iron plus carnosine improved ferritin versus iron alone, with ferritin of 52 ± 29.5 µg/ml.

    In plain wordsIn mice, iron plus carnosine improved ferritin more than iron alone.

    Peptide
    L-carnosine
    Outcome
    IncreaseFerritin with iron supplementation
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease
    Comparator
    Iron alone
    Outcome group
    Blood counts and hematopoiesis · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral gavage · 10 daysAs given in this study (mouse).

    Measurements

    Ferritin
    52 µg/ml
    iron plus carnosine

    Source sentences

    Summary
    When iron was supplemented alongside with histidine or carnosine, there were better effects on haemoglobin repletion (14.22 ± 1.7 and 13.82 ± 2.15 g/ dL respectively), ferritin (59.5 ± 16.4, 52 ± 29.5 µg/ml) and non-haem iron (0.8 ± 0.21, 0.7 ± 0.38 nmol/mg), than the group receiving iron alone (p < 0.05).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    EPO restoring levels in CKD model and the increment in haemoglobin and ferritin in carnosine treatments suggested the potential formation of a ternary complex with iron-glutathione.
    Summary · context
    Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease mice were treated with histidine and carnosine by oral gavage for 10 days.
  5. 05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice, iron plus carnosine improved non-haem iron results versus iron alone, with a value of 0.7 ± 0.38 nmol/mg.

    In plain wordsIn mice, iron plus carnosine improved non-haem iron results compared with iron alone.

    Peptide
    L-carnosine
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedNon-haem iron with iron supplementation
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease
    Comparator
    Iron alone
    Outcome group
    Blood counts and hematopoiesis · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral gavage · 10 daysAs given in this study (mouse).

    Measurements

    Non-haem iron
    0.7 nmol/mg
    iron plus carnosine

    Source sentences

    Summary
    When iron was supplemented alongside with histidine or carnosine, there were better effects on haemoglobin repletion (14.22 ± 1.7 and 13.82 ± 2.15 g/ dL respectively), ferritin (59.5 ± 16.4, 52 ± 29.5 µg/ml) and non-haem iron (0.8 ± 0.21, 0.7 ± 0.38 nmol/mg), than the group receiving iron alone (p < 0.05).
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease mice were treated with histidine and carnosine by oral gavage for 10 days.
  6. 06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In iron-loaded mice, carnosine reduced non-haem iron.

    In plain wordsIn iron-loaded mice, carnosine reduced non-haem iron.

    Peptide
    L-carnosine
    Outcome
    DecreaseNon-haem iron in iron overload
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Iron-loaded mice
    Outcome group
    Blood counts and hematopoiesis · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral gavageAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, histidine and carnosine reduced non-haem iron and MDA, in iron-loaded conditions (p < 0.05).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Additionally, a model involving iron overload in mice was established, and these mice received concurrent treatment with histidine and carnosine.
    Summary · context
    Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease mice were treated with histidine and carnosine by oral gavage for 10 days.
  7. 07AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In iron-loaded mice, carnosine reduced malondialdehyde.

    In plain wordsIn iron-loaded mice, carnosine reduced a marker of oxidative damage.

    Peptide
    L-carnosine
    Outcome
    DecreaseMalondialdehyde in iron overload
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Iron-loaded mice
    Outcome group
    Oxidative stress · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral gavageAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, histidine and carnosine reduced non-haem iron and MDA, in iron-loaded conditions (p < 0.05).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Additionally, a model involving iron overload in mice was established, and these mice received concurrent treatment with histidine and carnosine.
    Summary · context
    Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease mice were treated with histidine and carnosine by oral gavage for 10 days.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    27 Oct 2026, 18:20 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    27 Oct 2026, 16:32 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.