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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2025

7 results

Thymosin β4 Regulates Tissue Inflammatory Response in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Macrophage M2-Type Polarization.

Zhu Z, Liao Y, Mou Q, Liu H, Shen Y, Zhu L, Cong S

Journal of inflammation research29 Apr 2025Cited by 1 (Europe PMC)

PMID40322536 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC12049133 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.2147/jir.s492814 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-40322536
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study7

6 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice with diet-induced NAFLD, Tβ4 allowed recovery from NAFLD.

    In plain wordsIn mice with fatty liver, thymosin beta‑4 helped recovery from fatty liver disease.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseNAFLD recovery
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    MCD diet NAFLD
    Outcome group
    Liver fat and liver function · Liver
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Tβ4 allowed the mice to recover from NAFLD and reduce liver inflammation more effectively.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    NAFLD was induced in C57 mice with methionine and choline-deficient diet (MCD), siRNATβ4 was injected into the tail vein to reduce liver Tβ4, and the therapeutic effect of Tβ4 was observed by phagocytosis of macrophages with clodronate liposomes.
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice with diet-induced NAFLD, Tβ4 reduced liver inflammation.

    In plain wordsIn mice with fatty liver, thymosin beta‑4 reduced liver inflammation.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseLiver inflammation
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    MCD diet NAFLD
    Outcome group
    Inflammation markers · Liver
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Tβ4 allowed the mice to recover from NAFLD and reduce liver inflammation more effectively.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    NAFLD was induced in C57 mice with methionine and choline-deficient diet (MCD), siRNATβ4 was injected into the tail vein to reduce liver Tβ4, and the therapeutic effect of Tβ4 was observed by phagocytosis of macrophages with clodronate liposomes.
  3. 03LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    The expression level of the M1 phenotype in macrophages treated with Tβ4 decreased.

    In plain wordsIn cells, thymosin beta‑4 lowered the inflammatory M1 type of macrophage.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseM1 macrophage phenotype expression
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Inflammation markers · Liver
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The expression level of M1 phenotype in macrophages treated with Tβ4 decreased, and the apoptosis of hepatocytes decreased.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In the extrachromosomal experiment of oil red O, human myeloid leukemia mononuclear (THP-1) cells was co-cultured with human hepatic (LO2) constructed with oleic acid to detect the changes of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in supernatant and the apoptosis of LO2 under th…
  4. 04LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    Apoptosis of hepatocytes decreased with Tβ4 treatment in the co-culture.

    In plain wordsIn cells, thymosin beta‑4 reduced liver cell death.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseHepatocyte apoptosis
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Liver fat and liver function · Liver
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The expression level of M1 phenotype in macrophages treated with Tβ4 decreased, and the apoptosis of hepatocytes decreased.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In the extrachromosomal experiment of oil red O, human myeloid leukemia mononuclear (THP-1) cells was co-cultured with human hepatic (LO2) constructed with oleic acid to detect the changes of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in supernatant and the apoptosis of LO2 under th…
  5. 05LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    Tβ4 down-regulated STAT1 phosphorylation in hepatocytes.

    In plain wordsIn liver cells, thymosin beta‑4 lowered activation of the signal protein STAT1.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseSTAT1 phosphorylation in hepatocytes
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Liver
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At the same time, Tβ4 down-regulates signal transduction and activator of transcription1 (STAT1) phosphorylation and increases suppressor of cytokine signaling1/3 (SOCS1/3) expression in hepatocytes.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In the extrachromosomal experiment of oil red O, human myeloid leukemia mononuclear (THP-1) cells was co-cultured with human hepatic (LO2) constructed with oleic acid to detect the changes of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in supernatant and the apoptosis of LO2 under th…
  6. 06LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    Tβ4 increased SOCS1/3 expression in hepatocytes.

    In plain wordsIn liver cells, thymosin beta‑4 raised levels of the brake proteins SOCS1 and SOCS3.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseSOCS1/3 expression in hepatocytes
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Liver
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At the same time, Tβ4 down-regulates signal transduction and activator of transcription1 (STAT1) phosphorylation and increases suppressor of cytokine signaling1/3 (SOCS1/3) expression in hepatocytes.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In the extrachromosomal experiment of oil red O, human myeloid leukemia mononuclear (THP-1) cells was co-cultured with human hepatic (LO2) constructed with oleic acid to detect the changes of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in supernatant and the apoptosis of LO2 under th…

Studies that did not test the peptide alone1

In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  1. 07AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In NAFLD mice, liver steatosis was more severe when liver Tβ4 was reduced by siRNA.

    In plain wordsIn mice with fatty liver, lowering the body's own thymosin beta‑4 made liver fat worse.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseLiver steatosis after Tβ4 knockdown
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    MCD diet NAFLD with siRNA Tβ4
    Outcome group
    Liver fat and liver function · Liver

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Liver steatosis was more severe in sirnat4 mice.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    NAFLD was induced in C57 mice with methionine and choline-deficient diet (MCD), siRNATβ4 was injected into the tail vein to reduce liver Tβ4, and the therapeutic effect of Tβ4 was observed by phagocytosis of macrophages with clodronate liposomes.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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