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Study · Randomized controlled trial · 2025

9 results

Differential Treatment Effects on β-Cell Function Using Model-Based Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE).

Utzschneider KM, Tripputi M, Butera NM, Mari A, Rosin SP, Banerji MA, Bergenstal RM, Brown N, Carlson AL, DeFronzo RA, Gramzinski MR, Harindhanavudhi T and 5 more

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Kozedub A, Sivitz WI, Steffes MW, Balasubramanyam A, Rasouli N

Diabetes care1 Apr 2025Cited by 2 (Europe PMC)

PMID39998948 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC11932811 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.2337/dc24-2419 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-39998948
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study9

6 results from studies that gave the peptide. 6 results from people.

  1. 01HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In adults with T2D on common metformin background, liraglutide produced the greatest insulin secretion rate increase versus insulin glargine, glimepiride or sitagliptin; the numerical contrast was unstated.

    In plain wordsIn adults with T2D on metformin, liraglutide increased insulin secretion more than glargine, glimepiride or sitagliptin.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseInsulin secretion rate
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Insulin glargine, glimepiride, and sitagliptin
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Liraglutide led to the greatest increases in ISR, glucose sensitivity and potentiation, remaining above baseline at study end.
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To evaluate how model-based parameters of β-cell function change with glucose-lowering treatment and associate with glycemic deterioration in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
    Summary · context
    In the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), β-cell function parameters derived from mathematical modeling of oral glucose tolerance tests were assessed at baseline (N = 4,712) and 1, 3, and 5 years following randomization to insulin glargine, glimepir…
    Summary · context
    Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare changes across treatments.
  2. 02HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In adults with T2D on common metformin background, liraglutide produced the greatest glucose sensitivity increase versus insulin glargine, glimepiride or sitagliptin; the numerical contrast was unstated.

    In plain wordsIn adults with T2D on metformin, liraglutide increased glucose sensitivity more than glargine, glimepiride or sitagliptin.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseGlucose sensitivity
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Insulin glargine, glimepiride, and sitagliptin
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Liraglutide led to the greatest increases in ISR, glucose sensitivity and potentiation, remaining above baseline at study end.
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To evaluate how model-based parameters of β-cell function change with glucose-lowering treatment and associate with glycemic deterioration in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
    Summary · context
    In the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), β-cell function parameters derived from mathematical modeling of oral glucose tolerance tests were assessed at baseline (N = 4,712) and 1, 3, and 5 years following randomization to insulin glargine, glimepir…
    Summary · context
    Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare changes across treatments.
  3. 03HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In adults with T2D on common metformin background, liraglutide produced the greatest potentiation increase versus insulin glargine, glimepiride or sitagliptin; the numerical contrast was unstated.

    In plain wordsIn adults with T2D on metformin, liraglutide increased potentiation more than glargine, glimepiride or sitagliptin.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreasePotentiation
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Insulin glargine, glimepiride, and sitagliptin
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Liraglutide led to the greatest increases in ISR, glucose sensitivity and potentiation, remaining above baseline at study end.
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To evaluate how model-based parameters of β-cell function change with glucose-lowering treatment and associate with glycemic deterioration in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
    Summary · context
    In the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), β-cell function parameters derived from mathematical modeling of oral glucose tolerance tests were assessed at baseline (N = 4,712) and 1, 3, and 5 years following randomization to insulin glargine, glimepir…
    Summary · context
    Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare changes across treatments.
  4. 04HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In adults with T2D on common metformin background, insulin secretion rate in the liraglutide group remained above baseline at study end; its endpoint coefficient and analyzed N were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn adults with T2D on metformin, liraglutide-group insulin secretion remained higher at study end than before treatment.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseInsulin secretion rate at study end versus baseline
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Baseline
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Liraglutide led to the greatest increases in ISR, glucose sensitivity and potentiation, remaining above baseline at study end.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To evaluate how model-based parameters of β-cell function change with glucose-lowering treatment and associate with glycemic deterioration in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
    Summary · context
    In the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), β-cell function parameters derived from mathematical modeling of oral glucose tolerance tests were assessed at baseline (N = 4,712) and 1, 3, and 5 years following randomization to insulin glargine, glimepir…
  5. 05HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In adults with T2D on common metformin background, glucose sensitivity in the liraglutide group remained above baseline at study end; its endpoint coefficient and analyzed N were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn adults with T2D on metformin, liraglutide-group glucose sensitivity remained higher at study end than before treatment.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseGlucose sensitivity at study end versus baseline
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Baseline
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Liraglutide led to the greatest increases in ISR, glucose sensitivity and potentiation, remaining above baseline at study end.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To evaluate how model-based parameters of β-cell function change with glucose-lowering treatment and associate with glycemic deterioration in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
    Summary · context
    In the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), β-cell function parameters derived from mathematical modeling of oral glucose tolerance tests were assessed at baseline (N = 4,712) and 1, 3, and 5 years following randomization to insulin glargine, glimepir…
  6. 06HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In adults with T2D on common metformin background, potentiation in the liraglutide group remained above baseline at study end; its endpoint coefficient and analyzed N were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn adults with T2D on metformin, liraglutide-group potentiation remained higher at study end than before treatment.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreasePotentiation at study end versus baseline
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Baseline
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Liraglutide led to the greatest increases in ISR, glucose sensitivity and potentiation, remaining above baseline at study end.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To evaluate how model-based parameters of β-cell function change with glucose-lowering treatment and associate with glycemic deterioration in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
    Summary · context
    In the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), β-cell function parameters derived from mathematical modeling of oral glucose tolerance tests were assessed at baseline (N = 4,712) and 1, 3, and 5 years following randomization to insulin glargine, glimepir…

Studies that did not test the peptide alone3

In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  1. 07HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialOther

    In adults with T2D on metformin, beta-cell function parameters pooled across liraglutide and other randomized treatments rose variably at year 1 then declined; no native-specific trajectory was reported.

    In plain wordsIn adults with T2D on metformin, pooled beta-cell function rose variably at year 1 then declined across treatments including liraglutide.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    Mixedβ-cell function parameters
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    β-Cell function parameters increased variably at year 1 across treatments but subsequently declined for all treatments.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To evaluate how model-based parameters of β-cell function change with glucose-lowering treatment and associate with glycemic deterioration in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
    Summary · context
    In the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), β-cell function parameters derived from mathematical modeling of oral glucose tolerance tests were assessed at baseline (N = 4,712) and 1, 3, and 5 years following randomization to insulin glargine, glimepir…

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  2. 08HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In model analyses of adults with T2D receiving metformin and randomized add-on treatments including liraglutide, higher beta-cell function was associated with less glycemic deterioration; the exact parameter reference was unstated.

    In plain wordsIn adults with T2D on metformin, higher pooled beta-cell function was linked to less glycemic deterioration; the parameter comparison was unspecified.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseGlycemic deterioration association
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Higher β-cell function parameters were protective against glycemic deterioration, but treatment did not alter the relationship between these parameters and glycemic outcomes.
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To evaluate how model-based parameters of β-cell function change with glucose-lowering treatment and associate with glycemic deterioration in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
    Summary · context
    In the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), β-cell function parameters derived from mathematical modeling of oral glucose tolerance tests were assessed at baseline (N = 4,712) and 1, 3, and 5 years following randomization to insulin glargine, glimepir…
    Summary · context
    With Cox proportional hazards and Classification And Regression Tree (CART) analyses we evaluated associations between model parameters and glycemic failure (A1C >7.5%; 58.5 mmol/mol).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  3. 09HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In model analyses of adults with T2D on metformin, randomized treatments including liraglutide did not alter the association of beta-cell parameters with glycemic outcomes; the interaction coefficient and test were unstated.

    In plain wordsIn adults with T2D on metformin, treatments including liraglutide did not alter the beta-cell-function/glycemic-outcome association; the interaction test was unstated.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    Not applicableTreatment modification of beta-cell-function/glycemic-outcome association
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Higher β-cell function parameters were protective against glycemic deterioration, but treatment did not alter the relationship between these parameters and glycemic outcomes.
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To evaluate how model-based parameters of β-cell function change with glucose-lowering treatment and associate with glycemic deterioration in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
    Summary · context
    In the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), β-cell function parameters derived from mathematical modeling of oral glucose tolerance tests were assessed at baseline (N = 4,712) and 1, 3, and 5 years following randomization to insulin glargine, glimepir…
    Summary · context
    With Cox proportional hazards and Classification And Regression Tree (CART) analyses we evaluated associations between model parameters and glycemic failure (A1C >7.5%; 58.5 mmol/mol).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 completed · 1 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

CompletedPhase 3Results postedNCT01794143

A Comparative Effectiveness Study of Major Glycemia-lowering Medications for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

GRADE Study Groupn = 7,850May 2013 to 30 Apr 2021

Type 2 Diabetes · Comparative Effectiveness of Glycemia-lowering Medications

Trial pageClinicalTrials.govUpdated 10 Feb 2026

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    12 Oct 2026, 11:11 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:04 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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