Cross-sectional, case-control and longitudinal associations between exposure to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and the dispensing of antidepressants.

Almeida OP, Fong Z, Hill Almeida LM, Sanfilippo FM, Page A, Etherton-Beer C

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism23 Apr 2024Cited by 14 (Europe PMC)

PMID38650544DOI10.1111/dom.15616PepBankPUB-38650544

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study8

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone8

In this study, the peptide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking the peptide.

01HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther
In Australian dispensing records, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists, including dulaglutide, were linked to higher concurrent antidepressant dispensing odds.
In plain wordsIn Australian dispensing records, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists, including dulaglutide, were linked to higher concurrent antidepressant dispensing odds.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
IncreaseConcurrent antidepressant dispensing
Study
n = 1,746,391
Outcome group
Anxiety and mood · Mental health and mood
Measurements
Odds ratio
1.44 ratio
concurrent dispensing in 2022
Odds ratio 99% CI
1.38 to 1.5 ratio
concurrent dispensing in 2022
Source sentences
Summary
In total, 358 075 of 1 746 391 individuals were dispensed antidepressants, and 8495 of the 24 783 dispensed a GLP-1 receptor agonist were also dispensed an antidepressant in 2022 (OR 1.44; 99% CI 1.38-1.50)
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used cross-sectional, case-control and retrospective cohort study designs to examine the association between dispensed GLP-1 receptor agonists and antidepressants between 2012 and 2022 in the 10% random sample of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data.
Summary · context
PBS-listed GLP-1 receptor agonists, exenatide, dulaglutide and semaglutide were the exposures.
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Report a problemFND-3865054401
02HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In Australian dispensing records, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists, including semaglutide, were linked to higher concurrent antidepressant dispensing odds.
In plain wordsIn Australian dispensing records, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists, including semaglutide, were linked to higher concurrent antidepressant dispensing odds.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
IncreaseConcurrent antidepressant dispensing
Study
n = 1,746,391
Outcome group
Anxiety and mood · Mental health and mood
Measurements
Odds ratio
1.44 ratio
concurrent dispensing in 2022
Odds ratio 99% CI
1.38 to 1.5 ratio
concurrent dispensing in 2022
Source sentences
Summary
In total, 358 075 of 1 746 391 individuals were dispensed antidepressants, and 8495 of the 24 783 dispensed a GLP-1 receptor agonist were also dispensed an antidepressant in 2022 (OR 1.44; 99% CI 1.38-1.50)
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used cross-sectional, case-control and retrospective cohort study designs to examine the association between dispensed GLP-1 receptor agonists and antidepressants between 2012 and 2022 in the 10% random sample of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data.
Summary · context
PBS-listed GLP-1 receptor agonists, exenatide, dulaglutide and semaglutide were the exposures.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-3865054402
03HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther
In Australian records, prior pooled GLP-1 receptor agonist exposure, including dulaglutide, was linked to higher antidepressant dispensing odds.
In plain wordsIn Australian records, prior pooled GLP-1 receptor agonist exposure, including dulaglutide, was linked to higher antidepressant dispensing odds.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
IncreaseAntidepressant dispensing after prior exposure
Study
n = 1,746,391
Outcome group
Anxiety and mood · Mental health and mood
Measurements
Odds ratio
1.52 ratio
prior exposure and antidepressants in 2022
Odds ratio 99% CI
1.46 to 1.59 ratio
prior exposure and antidepressants in 2022
Source sentences
Summary
24 103 of the 1 746 391 participants had been dispensed a GLP-1 receptor agonist between 2012 and 2021, and of these 8083 were dispensed antidepressants in 2022 (OR 1.52; 99% CI 1.46-1.59).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used cross-sectional, case-control and retrospective cohort study designs to examine the association between dispensed GLP-1 receptor agonists and antidepressants between 2012 and 2022 in the 10% random sample of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data.
Summary · context
PBS-listed GLP-1 receptor agonists, exenatide, dulaglutide and semaglutide were the exposures.
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Report a problemFND-3865054403
04HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In Australian records, prior pooled GLP-1 receptor agonist exposure, including semaglutide, was linked to higher antidepressant dispensing odds.
In plain wordsIn Australian records, prior pooled GLP-1 receptor agonist exposure, including semaglutide, was linked to higher antidepressant dispensing odds.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
IncreaseAntidepressant dispensing after prior exposure
Study
n = 1,746,391
Outcome group
Anxiety and mood · Mental health and mood
Measurements
Odds ratio
1.52 ratio
prior exposure and antidepressants in 2022
Odds ratio 99% CI
1.46 to 1.59 ratio
prior exposure and antidepressants in 2022
Source sentences
Summary
24 103 of the 1 746 391 participants had been dispensed a GLP-1 receptor agonist between 2012 and 2021, and of these 8083 were dispensed antidepressants in 2022 (OR 1.52; 99% CI 1.46-1.59).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used cross-sectional, case-control and retrospective cohort study designs to examine the association between dispensed GLP-1 receptor agonists and antidepressants between 2012 and 2022 in the 10% random sample of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data.
Summary · context
PBS-listed GLP-1 receptor agonists, exenatide, dulaglutide and semaglutide were the exposures.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-3865054404
05HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther
In Australian records, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists, including dulaglutide, were linked to higher subsequent antidepressant dispensing hazard.
In plain wordsIn Australian records, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists, including dulaglutide, were linked to higher subsequent antidepressant dispensing hazard.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
IncreaseSubsequent antidepressant dispensing hazard
Study
n = 1,213,316
Outcome group
Anxiety and mood · Mental health and mood
Measurements
Hazard ratio
1.19 ratio
antidepressant dispensing during 2013-2022
Hazard ratio 99% CI
1.12 to 1.27 ratio
antidepressant dispensing during 2013-2022
Source sentences
Summary
The hazard ratio of being dispensed an antidepressant between 2013 and 2022 following the dispensing of a GLP-1 receptor agonist was 1.19 (99% CI 1.12-1.27).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used cross-sectional, case-control and retrospective cohort study designs to examine the association between dispensed GLP-1 receptor agonists and antidepressants between 2012 and 2022 in the 10% random sample of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data.
Summary · context
PBS-listed GLP-1 receptor agonists, exenatide, dulaglutide and semaglutide were the exposures.
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Report a problemFND-3865054405
06HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In Australian records, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists, including semaglutide, were linked to higher subsequent antidepressant dispensing hazard.
In plain wordsIn Australian records, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists, including semaglutide, were linked to higher subsequent antidepressant dispensing hazard.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
IncreaseSubsequent antidepressant dispensing hazard
Study
n = 1,213,316
Outcome group
Anxiety and mood · Mental health and mood
Measurements
Hazard ratio
1.19 ratio
antidepressant dispensing during 2013-2022
Hazard ratio 99% CI
1.12 to 1.27 ratio
antidepressant dispensing during 2013-2022
Source sentences
Summary
The hazard ratio of being dispensed an antidepressant between 2013 and 2022 following the dispensing of a GLP-1 receptor agonist was 1.19 (99% CI 1.12-1.27).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used cross-sectional, case-control and retrospective cohort study designs to examine the association between dispensed GLP-1 receptor agonists and antidepressants between 2012 and 2022 in the 10% random sample of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data.
Summary · context
PBS-listed GLP-1 receptor agonists, exenatide, dulaglutide and semaglutide were the exposures.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-3865054406
07HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther
In Australian records, exposure-restricted analyses confirmed the associations between all PBS-listed GLP-1 receptor agonists, including dulaglutide, and antidepressant dispensing.
In plain wordsIn Australian records, analyses with restricted exposure times confirmed the links between all listed GLP-1 drugs, including dulaglutide, and more antidepressant dispensing.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
IncreaseAntidepressant dispensing in restricted exposure analysis
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Anxiety and mood · Mental health and mood
Source sentences
Summary
Additional analyses restricting the time of exposure confirmed these associations for all PBS-listed GLP-1 receptor agonists.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
PBS-listed GLP-1 receptor agonists, exenatide, dulaglutide and semaglutide were the exposures.
Summary · context
We used cross-sectional, case-control and retrospective cohort study designs to examine the association between dispensed GLP-1 receptor agonists and antidepressants between 2012 and 2022 in the 10% random sample of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data.
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Report a problemFND-3865054407
08HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In Australian records, exposure-restricted analyses confirmed the associations between all PBS-listed GLP-1 receptor agonists, including semaglutide, and antidepressant dispensing.
In plain wordsIn Australian records, analyses with restricted exposure times confirmed the links between all listed GLP-1 drugs, including semaglutide, and more antidepressant dispensing.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
IncreaseAntidepressant dispensing in restricted exposure analysis
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Anxiety and mood · Mental health and mood
Source sentences
Summary
Additional analyses restricting the time of exposure confirmed these associations for all PBS-listed GLP-1 receptor agonists.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
PBS-listed GLP-1 receptor agonists, exenatide, dulaglutide and semaglutide were the exposures.
Summary · context
We used cross-sectional, case-control and retrospective cohort study designs to examine the association between dispensed GLP-1 receptor agonists and antidepressants between 2012 and 2022 in the 10% random sample of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-3865054408

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 3Current
22 Oct 2026, 02:25 UTC
Study results updated
Version 2
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

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Cross-sectional, case-control and longitudinal associations between exposure to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and the dispensing of antidepressants.

Summary

Results from this study8

Studies that did not test the peptide alone8

Version history

Subjects

Publication types

MeSH terms

Keywords