Comparative Effects of Randomized Second-line Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes on a Composite Outcome Incorporating Glycemic Control, Body Weight, and Hypoglycemia: An Analysis of the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE).

Kirkman MS, Tripputi M, Krause-Steinrauf H, Bebu I, AbouAssi H, Burch H, Duran-Valdez E, Florez H, Garvey WT, Hsia DS, Salam M, Pop-Busui R

Diabetes care1 Apr 2024Cited by 5 (Europe PMC)

PMID38194519PMCIDPMC10973908DOI10.2337/dc23-1332PepBankPUB-38194519

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study8

6 results from studies that gave the peptide. 6 results from people.

01HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, risk of weight gain was lowest with liraglutide, followed by sitagliptin, glargine and glimepiride.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, liraglutide had the lowest risk of weight gain of the four drugs.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseRisk of weight gain
Study
n = 5,047
Comparator
Sitagliptin, glargine and glimepiride
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 5.0 yearsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
The order was the same for risk of weight gain and hypoglycemia, but risk of glycemic deterioration was lowest with glargine, followed by liraglutide, glimepiride, and sitagliptin.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The composite outcome was time to first occurrence of any of the following: HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed; ≥5% weight gain; or severe or recurrent nonsevere hypoglycemia.
Report a problemFND-3819451904
02HumanRandomized controlled trialSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, risk of hypoglycemia was lowest with liraglutide, followed by sitagliptin, glargine and glimepiride.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, liraglutide had the lowest risk of low blood sugar of the four drugs.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseRisk of hypoglycemia
Study
n = 5,047
Comparator
Sitagliptin, glargine and glimepiride
Outcome group
Adverse events · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 5.0 yearsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
The order was the same for risk of weight gain and hypoglycemia, but risk of glycemic deterioration was lowest with glargine, followed by liraglutide, glimepiride, and sitagliptin.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The composite outcome was time to first occurrence of any of the following: HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed; ≥5% weight gain; or severe or recurrent nonsevere hypoglycemia.
Report a problemFND-3819451905
03HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, risk of glycemic deterioration was lowest with glargine, followed by liraglutide, glimepiride and sitagliptin.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, liraglutide had the second lowest risk of worsening blood sugar control, after glargine.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
MixedRisk of glycemic deterioration
Study
n = 5,047
Comparator
Glargine, glimepiride and sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 5.0 yearsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
The order was the same for risk of weight gain and hypoglycemia, but risk of glycemic deterioration was lowest with glargine, followed by liraglutide, glimepiride, and sitagliptin.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The composite outcome was time to first occurrence of any of the following: HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed; ≥5% weight gain; or severe or recurrent nonsevere hypoglycemia.
Report a problemFND-3819451906
04HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, risk of the composite outcome was lower with liraglutide (19 per 100 participant-treatment years) than with sitagliptin (26 per 100).
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, liraglutide carried a lower risk of the combined outcome than sitagliptin.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseComposite outcome (glycemic deterioration, weight gain, hypoglycemia), liraglutide versus sitagliptin
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 5.0 yearsAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Composite outcome rate
19 per 100 PTYs
liraglutide
Composite outcome rate
26 per 100 PTYs
sitagliptin
Source sentences
Summary
Risk of reaching the composite outcome (events per 100 participants per treatment year [PTYs]) was lowest with liraglutide (19 per 100 PTYs) followed by sitagliptin (26 per 100 PTYs), glargine (29 per 100 PTYs), and glimepiride (40 per 100 PTYs); all pairwise comparisons were statistically significant.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The composite outcome was time to first occurrence of any of the following: HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed; ≥5% weight gain; or severe or recurrent nonsevere hypoglycemia.
Report a problemFND-3819451901
05HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, risk of the composite outcome was lower with liraglutide (19 per 100 participant-treatment years) than with glargine (29 per 100).
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, liraglutide carried a lower risk of the combined outcome than glargine.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseComposite outcome, liraglutide versus glargine
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Insulin glargine
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 5.0 yearsAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Composite outcome rate
19 per 100 PTYs
liraglutide
Composite outcome rate
29 per 100 PTYs
glargine
Source sentences
Summary
Risk of reaching the composite outcome (events per 100 participants per treatment year [PTYs]) was lowest with liraglutide (19 per 100 PTYs) followed by sitagliptin (26 per 100 PTYs), glargine (29 per 100 PTYs), and glimepiride (40 per 100 PTYs); all pairwise comparisons were statistically significant.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The composite outcome was time to first occurrence of any of the following: HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed; ≥5% weight gain; or severe or recurrent nonsevere hypoglycemia.
Report a problemFND-3819451902
06HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, risk of the composite outcome was lower with liraglutide (19 per 100 participant-treatment years) than with glimepiride (40 per 100).
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, liraglutide carried a lower risk of the combined outcome than glimepiride.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseComposite outcome, liraglutide versus glimepiride
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glimepiride
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 5.0 yearsAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Composite outcome rate
19 per 100 PTYs
liraglutide
Composite outcome rate
40 per 100 PTYs
glimepiride
Source sentences
Summary
Risk of reaching the composite outcome (events per 100 participants per treatment year [PTYs]) was lowest with liraglutide (19 per 100 PTYs) followed by sitagliptin (26 per 100 PTYs), glargine (29 per 100 PTYs), and glimepiride (40 per 100 PTYs); all pairwise comparisons were statistically significant.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The composite outcome was time to first occurrence of any of the following: HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed; ≥5% weight gain; or severe or recurrent nonsevere hypoglycemia.
Report a problemFND-3819451903

Studies that did not test the peptide alone2

In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

07HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, no significant heterogeneity in risk of the composite outcome was detected across prespecified covariates (pooled across the four drugs).
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, the composite risk did not differ significantly across the groups of people studied.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant changeHeterogeneity of composite risk across covariates
Study
n = 5,047
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
No significant heterogeneity in risk of composite outcome was detected across prespecified covariates.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The composite outcome was time to first occurrence of any of the following: HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed; ≥5% weight gain; or severe or recurrent nonsevere hypoglycemia.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-3819451907
08HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialOther
In adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, participants who reached the composite outcome had modestly but significantly lower treatment satisfaction (pooled across the four drugs).
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, people who reached the composite outcome were a little less satisfied with treatment.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseTreatment satisfaction in participants who reached the composite outcome
Study
n = 5,047
Outcome group
Exercise and physical function · Whole body
Source sentences
Summary
Participants who reached the composite outcome had modestly but significantly lower treatment satisfaction.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The composite outcome was time to first occurrence of any of the following: HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed; ≥5% weight gain; or severe or recurrent nonsevere hypoglycemia.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-3819451908

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 completed · 1 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

CompletedPhase 3Results postedNCT01794143

A Comparative Effectiveness Study of Major Glycemia-lowering Medications for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

GRADE Study Groupn = 7,850May 2013 to 30 Apr 2021

Type 2 Diabetes · Comparative Effectiveness of Glycemia-lowering Medications

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 10 Feb 2026

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
12 Oct 2026, 11:11 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:05 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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