Antiarrhythmic Sotalol, Occlusion/Occlusion-like Syndrome in Rats, and Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy.

Premuzic Mestrovic I, Smoday IM, Kalogjera L, Krezic I, Zizek H, Vranes H, Vukovic V, Oroz K, Skorak I, Brizic I, Hriberski K, Novosel L and 12 more

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Kavelj I, Barisic I, Beketic Oreskovic L, Zubcic S, Strbe S, Mestrovic T, Pavic P, Staresinic M, Skrtic A, Boban Blagaic A, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)7 Jul 2023Cited by 14 (Europe PMC)

PMID37513889PMCIDPMC10383471DOI10.3390/ph16070977PepBankPUB-37513889

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Summary

We focused on the first demonstration that antiarrhythmics, particularly class II and class III antiarrhythmic and beta-blocker sotalol can induce severe occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome in rats. In this syndrome, as in similar syndromes with permanent occlusion of major vessels, peripheral and central, and other similar noxious procedures that severely disable endothelium function, the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157-collateral pathways activation, was a resolving therapy. After a high dose of sotalol (80 mg/kg intragastrically) in 180 min study, there were cause-consequence lesions in the brain (swelling, intracerebral hemorrhage), congestion in the heart, lung, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract, severe bradycardia, and intracranial (superior sagittal sinus), portal and caval hypertension, and aortal hypotension, and widespread thrombosis, peripherally and centrally. Major vessels failed (congested inferior caval and superior mesenteric vein, collapsed azygos vein). BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time) effectively counteracted sotalol-occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome. In particular, eliminated were heart dilatation, and myocardial congestion affecting coronary veins and arteries, as well as myocardial vessels; eliminated were portal and caval hypertension, lung parenchyma congestion, venous and arterial thrombosis, attenuated aortal hypotension, and centrally, attenuated intracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension, brain lesions and pronounced intracerebral hemorrhage. Further, BPC 157 eliminated and/or markedly attenuated liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract congestion and major veins congestion. Therefore, azygos vein activation and direct blood delivery were essential for particular BPC 157 effects. Thus, preventing such and similar events, and responding adequately when that event is at risk, strongly advocates for further BPC 157 therapy.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study11

11 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats given high-dose sotalol, intragastric BPC‑157 therapy effectively counteracted the sotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome.
In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of sotalol, BPC‑157 effectively counteracted the blood vessel and organ damage that sotalol caused.
Peptide
BPC-157
Outcome
DecreaseSotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Sotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome
Outcome group
Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 µg/kg and 10 ng/kg · intragastricAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time) effectively counteracted sotalol-occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
After a high dose of sotalol (80 mg/kg intragastrically) in 180 min study
Summary · context
BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time)
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3751388901
02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats given high-dose sotalol, BPC‑157 therapy eliminated heart dilatation.
In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of sotalol, BPC‑157 removed the enlargement of the heart.
Peptide
BPC-157
Outcome
DecreaseHeart dilatation
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Sotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 µg/kg and 10 ng/kg · intragastricAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
eliminated were heart dilatation, and myocardial congestion affecting coronary veins and arteries, as well as myocardial vessels
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
After a high dose of sotalol (80 mg/kg intragastrically) in 180 min study
Summary · context
BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time)
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3751388902
03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats given high-dose sotalol, BPC‑157 therapy eliminated myocardial congestion affecting coronary veins and arteries and myocardial vessels.
In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of sotalol, BPC‑157 removed blood pooling in the heart muscle and its vessels.
Peptide
BPC-157
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial congestion
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Sotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 µg/kg and 10 ng/kg · intragastricAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
eliminated were heart dilatation, and myocardial congestion affecting coronary veins and arteries, as well as myocardial vessels
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
After a high dose of sotalol (80 mg/kg intragastrically) in 180 min study
Summary · context
BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time)
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3751388903
04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats given high-dose sotalol, BPC‑157 therapy eliminated portal and caval hypertension.
In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of sotalol, BPC‑157 removed the high pressure in the portal and caval veins.
Peptide
BPC-157
Outcome
DecreasePortal and caval hypertension
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Sotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome
Outcome group
Blood pressure · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 µg/kg and 10 ng/kg · intragastricAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
eliminated were portal and caval hypertension, lung parenchyma congestion, venous and arterial thrombosis
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
After a high dose of sotalol (80 mg/kg intragastrically) in 180 min study
Summary · context
BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time)
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3751388904
05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats given high-dose sotalol, BPC‑157 therapy eliminated lung parenchyma congestion.
In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of sotalol, BPC‑157 removed blood pooling in the lungs.
Peptide
BPC-157
Outcome
DecreaseLung parenchyma congestion
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Sotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome
Outcome group
Cardiovascular events · Respiratory
Studied dose
10 µg/kg and 10 ng/kg · intragastricAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
eliminated were portal and caval hypertension, lung parenchyma congestion, venous and arterial thrombosis
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
After a high dose of sotalol (80 mg/kg intragastrically) in 180 min study
Summary · context
BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time)
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3751388905
06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats given high-dose sotalol, BPC‑157 therapy eliminated venous and arterial thrombosis.
In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of sotalol, BPC‑157 removed blood clots in veins and arteries.
Peptide
BPC-157
Outcome
DecreaseVenous and arterial thrombosis
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Sotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome
Outcome group
Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 µg/kg and 10 ng/kg · intragastricAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
eliminated were portal and caval hypertension, lung parenchyma congestion, venous and arterial thrombosis
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
After a high dose of sotalol (80 mg/kg intragastrically) in 180 min study
Summary · context
BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time)
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3751388906
07AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats given high-dose sotalol, BPC‑157 therapy attenuated aortal hypotension.
In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of sotalol, BPC‑157 lessened the low aortic blood pressure.
Peptide
BPC-157
Outcome
IncreaseAortal hypotension
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Sotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome
Outcome group
Blood pressure · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 µg/kg and 10 ng/kg · intragastricAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
attenuated aortal hypotension, and centrally, attenuated intracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension, brain lesions and pronounced intracerebral hemorrhage.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
After a high dose of sotalol (80 mg/kg intragastrically) in 180 min study
Summary · context
BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time)
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3751388907
08AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats given high-dose sotalol, BPC‑157 therapy attenuated intracranial hypertension.
In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of sotalol, BPC‑157 lessened the high pressure inside the skull veins.
Peptide
BPC-157
Outcome
DecreaseIntracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Sotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome
Outcome group
Blood pressure · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 µg/kg and 10 ng/kg · intragastricAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
attenuated aortal hypotension, and centrally, attenuated intracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension, brain lesions and pronounced intracerebral hemorrhage.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
After a high dose of sotalol (80 mg/kg intragastrically) in 180 min study
Summary · context
BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time)
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3751388908
09AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats given high-dose sotalol, BPC‑157 therapy attenuated brain lesions and pronounced intracerebral hemorrhage.
In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of sotalol, BPC‑157 lessened brain damage and bleeding in the brain.
Peptide
BPC-157
Outcome
DecreaseBrain lesions and intracerebral hemorrhage
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Sotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome
Outcome group
Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
10 µg/kg and 10 ng/kg · intragastricAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
attenuated aortal hypotension, and centrally, attenuated intracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension, brain lesions and pronounced intracerebral hemorrhage.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
After a high dose of sotalol (80 mg/kg intragastrically) in 180 min study
Summary · context
BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time)
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3751388909
10AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats given high-dose sotalol, BPC‑157 eliminated or markedly attenuated liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract congestion.
In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of sotalol, BPC‑157 removed or greatly reduced blood pooling in the liver, kidney and gut.
Peptide
BPC-157
Outcome
DecreaseLiver, kidney and gastrointestinal congestion
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Sotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome
Outcome group
Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 µg/kg and 10 ng/kg · intragastricAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
BPC 157 eliminated and/or markedly attenuated liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract congestion
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
After a high dose of sotalol (80 mg/kg intragastrically) in 180 min study
Summary · context
BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time)
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3751388910
11AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats given high-dose sotalol, BPC‑157 eliminated or markedly attenuated congestion of the major veins.
In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of sotalol, BPC‑157 removed or greatly reduced blood pooling in the major veins.
Peptide
BPC-157
Outcome
DecreaseMajor veins congestion
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Sotalol-induced occlusion-like syndrome
Outcome group
Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 µg/kg and 10 ng/kg · intragastricAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Further, BPC 157 eliminated and/or markedly attenuated liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract congestion and major veins congestion.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
After a high dose of sotalol (80 mg/kg intragastrically) in 180 min study
Summary · context
BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng/kg given intragastrically at 5 min or 90 min sotalol-time)
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3751388911

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Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 3Current
10 Oct 2026, 08:19 UTC
Study results updated
Version 2
9 Oct 2026, 03:03 UTC
Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 02:56 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Antiarrhythmic Sotalol, Occlusion/Occlusion-like Syndrome in Rats, and Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy.

Summary

Results from this study11

Version history

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Keywords