Differences in weight loss and safety between the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: A non-randomized multicenter study from the titration phase.

Seijas-Amigo J, Salgado-Barreira Á, Castelo-Dominguez R, Pérez-Álvarez MT, Ponce-Piñón B, Fernández-Silva M, Rodríguez-Barreiro M, Pereira-Pía M, Iglesias-Moreno JM, Gago-García M, Montáns-García R, Fernandez-Perez A and 7 more

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FragaGayoso D, Fernandez-Montenegro M, Riveiro-Barciela B, Rilla-Villar N, Cordero A, RodríguezMañero M, González-Juanatey JR

Primary care diabetes23 May 2023Cited by 6 (Europe PMC)

PMID37230813DOI10.1016/j.pcd.2023.05.004PepBankPUB-37230813

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Summary

IntroductionObesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Weight loss (≥5 %) reduces the risk of CVD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1 RA) have shown clinically weight loss.Objectives1) To assess differences in the efficacy of weight loss and HbA1c; 2) to evaluate the safety and adherence during the titration phase.MethodsIt is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients. The primary end point was the weight loss (≥5 %). Changes in weight, BMI and HbA1c were also calculated as co-primary endpoints. Secondary endpoints were safety, adherence, and tolerance.ResultsAmong 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide. 45 % female and the mean age was 62. Baseline characteristics were body weight 99.3 kg, BMI 36.7 kg/m² and Hba1c 8.2 %. Oral semaglutide achieved the highest reduction: 61.1 % of patients achieving ≥ 5 %, subcutaneous semaglutide 45.8 % and dulaglutide 40.6 %. GLP1 RA significantly reduced body weight (-4.95 kg, p 2, p < 0.001), without significant differences between groups. Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently reported events (74.5 %). 62 % of patients on dulaglutide, 25 % on oral semaglutide and 22 % on subcutaneous semaglutide.ConclusionsOral semaglutide achieved the highest proportion of patients that lost ≥ 5 %. GLP1 RA significantly reduced BMI and HbA1c. Most of the reported adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders and they were reported in a major frequency in the dulaglutide group. Oral semaglutide would be a reasonable switch in case of future shortages.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study15

9 results from studies that gave the peptide. 9 results from people.

01HumanObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In GLP1 RA naive adults, 61.1 % of patients on oral semaglutide lost 5 % or more of body weight during titration, the highest proportion compared with subcutaneous semaglutide and dulaglutide.
In plain wordsIn adults starting this drug class, oral semaglutide had the highest share losing 5 % of body weight, versus injected semaglutide and dulaglutide.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseWeight loss of 5 % or more, oral semaglutide
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Dulaglutide
Analysis
Primary
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Patients with weight loss >=5 %
61.1%
oral semaglutide
Source sentences
Summary
Oral semaglutide achieved the highest reduction: 61.1 % of patients achieving ≥ 5 %, subcutaneous semaglutide 45.8 % and dulaglutide 40.6 %.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081301
02HumanObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In GLP1 RA naive adults, 45.8 % of patients on subcutaneous semaglutide lost 5 % or more of body weight during titration, compared with 40.6 % on dulaglutide.
In plain wordsIn adults starting this drug class, 45.8 % on injected semaglutide lost 5 % of body weight, compared with 40.6 % on dulaglutide.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseWeight loss of 5 % or more, subcutaneous semaglutide
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Dulaglutide
Analysis
Primary
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Patients with weight loss >=5 %
45.8%
subcutaneous semaglutide
Patients with weight loss >=5 %
40.6%
dulaglutide
Source sentences
Summary
Oral semaglutide achieved the highest reduction: 61.1 % of patients achieving ≥ 5 %, subcutaneous semaglutide 45.8 % and dulaglutide 40.6 %.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081302
03HumanObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In GLP1 RA-naive patients, dulaglutide was linked to a lower proportion achieving at least 5% weight loss than oral semaglutide.
In plain wordsDulaglutide was linked to fewer patients losing at least 5% of weight than oral semaglutide.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseWeight loss of at least 5%
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Oral semaglutide
Analysis
Primary
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Measurements
Patients achieving at least 5% weight loss
40.6%
Dulaglutide
Patients achieving at least 5% weight loss
61.1%
Oral semaglutide
Source sentences
Summary
Oral semaglutide achieved the highest reduction: 61.1 % of patients achieving ≥ 5 %, subcutaneous semaglutide 45.8 % and dulaglutide 40.6 %.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081309
04HumanObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In GLP1 RA-naive patients, dulaglutide was linked to a lower proportion achieving at least 5% weight loss than subcutaneous semaglutide.
In plain wordsDulaglutide was linked to fewer patients losing at least 5% of weight than subcutaneous semaglutide.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseWeight loss of at least 5%
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Subcutaneous semaglutide
Analysis
Primary
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Measurements
Patients achieving at least 5% weight loss
40.6%
Dulaglutide
Patients achieving at least 5% weight loss
45.8%
Subcutaneous semaglutide
Source sentences
Summary
Oral semaglutide achieved the highest reduction: 61.1 % of patients achieving ≥ 5 %, subcutaneous semaglutide 45.8 % and dulaglutide 40.6 %.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081310
05HumanObservational studySafety outcome
In GLP1 RA naive adults, 25 % of patients on oral semaglutide reported gastrointestinal events during titration, compared with 62 % on dulaglutide.
In plain wordsIn adults starting this drug class, 25 % on oral semaglutide reported stomach or bowel events, compared with 62 % on dulaglutide.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseGastrointestinal adverse events, oral semaglutide
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Dulaglutide
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Gastrointestinal events
25%
oral semaglutide
Gastrointestinal events
62%
dulaglutide
Source sentences
Summary
Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently reported events (74.5 %). 62 % of patients on dulaglutide, 25 % on oral semaglutide and 22 % on subcutaneous semaglutide.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081307
06HumanObservational studySafety outcome
In GLP1 RA naive adults, 22 % of patients on subcutaneous semaglutide reported gastrointestinal events during titration, compared with 62 % on dulaglutide.
In plain wordsIn adults starting this drug class, 22 % on injected semaglutide reported stomach or bowel events, compared with 62 % on dulaglutide.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseGastrointestinal adverse events, subcutaneous semaglutide
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Dulaglutide
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Gastrointestinal events
22%
subcutaneous semaglutide
Gastrointestinal events
62%
dulaglutide
Source sentences
Summary
Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently reported events (74.5 %). 62 % of patients on dulaglutide, 25 % on oral semaglutide and 22 % on subcutaneous semaglutide.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081308
07HumanObservational studySafety outcome
In GLP1 RA-naive patients, dulaglutide was linked to more gastrointestinal disorders than oral semaglutide.
In plain wordsDulaglutide was linked to more gastrointestinal disorders than oral semaglutide.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
IncreaseGastrointestinal disorders
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Oral semaglutide
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Measurements
Gastrointestinal disorders
62%
Dulaglutide
Gastrointestinal disorders
25%
Oral semaglutide
Source sentences
Summary
62 % of patients on dulaglutide, 25 % on oral semaglutide and 22 % on subcutaneous semaglutide.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently reported events (74.5 %).
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081314
08HumanObservational studySafety outcome
In GLP1 RA-naive patients, dulaglutide was linked to more gastrointestinal disorders than subcutaneous semaglutide.
In plain wordsDulaglutide was linked to more gastrointestinal disorders than subcutaneous semaglutide.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
IncreaseGastrointestinal disorders
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Subcutaneous semaglutide
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Measurements
Gastrointestinal disorders
62%
Dulaglutide
Gastrointestinal disorders
22%
Subcutaneous semaglutide
Source sentences
Summary
62 % of patients on dulaglutide, 25 % on oral semaglutide and 22 % on subcutaneous semaglutide.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently reported events (74.5 %).
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081315
09HumanObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In GLP1 RA naive adults, weight and BMI reductions did not differ significantly between the dulaglutide, subcutaneous semaglutide and oral semaglutide groups.
In plain wordsIn adults starting this drug class, weight and BMI reductions were similar across dulaglutide and the two semaglutide forms.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeWeight and BMI difference between GLP1 RA groups
Study
n = 94
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
GLP1 RA significantly reduced body weight (-4.95 kg, p 2, p < 0.001), without significant differences between groups.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081305

Studies that did not test the peptide alone6

In this study, the peptide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking the peptide.

10HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In GLP1 RA naive adults, pooled GLP1 receptor agonists (dulaglutide and semaglutide) significantly reduced body weight by 4.95 kg during titration.
In plain wordsIn adults starting this drug class, the pooled group of GLP1 drugs lowered body weight by about 5 kg.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight change, pooled GLP1 RA
Study
n = 94
Analysis
Primary
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Measurements
Body weight change
−4.95 kg
pooled GLP1 RA
Source sentences
Summary
GLP1 RA significantly reduced body weight (-4.95 kg, p 2, p < 0.001), without significant differences between groups.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081303
11HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In GLP1 RA naive adults, pooled GLP1 receptor agonists significantly reduced BMI by 1.86 kg/m2 during titration.
In plain wordsIn adults starting this drug class, the pooled group of GLP1 drugs lowered BMI.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseBMI change, pooled GLP1 RA
Study
n = 94
Analysis
Primary
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Measurements
BMI change
−1.86 kg/m2
pooled GLP1 RA
Source sentences
Summary
GLP1 RA significantly reduced body weight (-4.95 kg, p 2, p < 0.001), without significant differences between groups.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081304
12HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In GLP1 RA-naive patients, pooled GLP1 RA treatment, including dulaglutide, was linked to lower body weight without significant between-drug differences.
In plain wordsPooled GLP1 RA treatment was linked to weight loss from baseline, with no significant differences between drugs.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight
Study
n = 94
Comparator
Baseline
Analysis
Primary
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Measurements
Weight change
−4.95 kg
Pooled GLP1 RA treatment
Source sentences
Summary
GLP1 RA significantly reduced body weight (-4.95 kg, p 2, p < 0.001), without significant differences between groups.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081311
13HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In GLP1 RA-naive patients, pooled GLP1 RA treatment, including dulaglutide, was linked to lower BMI without significant between-drug differences.
In plain wordsPooled GLP1 RA treatment was linked to lower BMI than baseline, with no significant differences between drugs.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseBMI
Study
n = 94
Comparator
Baseline
Analysis
Primary
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Measurements
BMI change
−1.86 kg/m2
Pooled GLP1 RA treatment
Source sentences
Summary
GLP1 RA significantly reduced body weight (-4.95 kg, p 2, p < 0.001), without significant differences between groups.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081312
14HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome
In GLP1 RA naive adults, gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently reported events (74.5 %) across pooled GLP1 receptor agonists during titration.
In plain wordsIn adults starting this drug class, stomach and bowel problems were the most common side effects across the pooled GLP1 drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
Not applicableGastrointestinal adverse events, pooled GLP1 RA
Study
n = 94
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Measurements
Gastrointestinal disorders
74.5%
pooled GLP1 RA
Source sentences
Summary
Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently reported events (74.5 %).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081306
15HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studySafety outcome
In GLP1 RA-naive patients, gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently reported events during pooled GLP1 RA treatment, including dulaglutide.
In plain wordsDuring pooled GLP1 RA treatment, gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently reported events.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Not applicableGastrointestinal disorders
Study
n = 94
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Measurements
Gastrointestinal disorders
74.5%
Pooled treatment
Source sentences
Summary
Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently reported events (74.5 %).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
It is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study on GLP1 RA naïve patients.
Summary · context
Among 94 subjects, 42.4 % received dulaglutide, 29,3 % subcutaneous semaglutide, 22,8 % oral semaglutide.
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3723081313

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Versions 4 to 9Current
28 Oct 2026, 02:03 UTC
The same notice was added 6 times, first on 22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC. The status did not change between them.
Study results updated
Version 3
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC
Version 2
11 Oct 2026, 00:50 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

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