The vascular function effects of adding exenatide or meal insulin to basal insulin therapy in early type 2 diabetes.

Retnakaran R, Pu J, Ye C, Emery A, Kramer CK, Zinman B

Cardiovascular diabetology9 Mar 2023Cited by 2 (Europe PMC)

PMID36894921PMCIDPMC9998007DOI10.1186/s12933-023-01781-zPepBankPUB-36894921

Summary

ObjectiveBasal insulin glargine has a neutral effect on cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In practice, basal insulin is often paired with a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1-RA) or meal insulin; however, the cardiovascular implications of these combinations have not been fully elucidated. In this context, we sought to evaluate the vascular function effects of adding the GLP1-RA exenatide or meal insulin lispro to basal glargine therapy in early T2DM.MethodsIn this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout. At baseline, 8-weeks, and washout, fasting endothelial function was assessed with reactive hyperemia index (RHI) measurement by peripheral arterial tonometry.ResultsAt baseline, there were no differences in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) or RHI between participants randomized to Glar (n = 24), Glar/Lispro (n = 24), and Glar/Exenatide (n = 25). At 8-weeks, Glar/Exenatide decreased systolic BP (mean - 8.1 mmHg [95%CI - 13.9 to - 2.4], p = 0.008) and diastolic BP (mean - 5.1 mmHg [- 9.0 to - 1.3], p = 0.012) compared to baseline, with no significant changes in HR or RHI. Notably, baseline-adjusted RHI (mean ± SE) did not differ between the groups at 8-weeks (Glar 2.07 ± 0.10; Glar/Lispro 2.00 ± 0.10; Glar/Exenatide 1.81 ± 0.10; p = 0.19), nor did baseline-adjusted BP or HR. There were no differences between the groups in baseline-adjusted RHI, BP or HR after 12-weeks washout.ConclusionAdding either exenatide or lispro to basal insulin therapy does not appear to affect fasting endothelial function in early T2DM.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.Gov NCT02194595.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study16

6 results from studies that gave the peptide. 6 results from people.

01HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted reactive hyperemia index did not differ between glargine-exenatide and glargine alone.
In plain wordsIn adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted blood vessel function did not differ between glargine-exenatide and glargine alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeAdjusted reactive hyperemia index versus glargine
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glargine alone
Outcome group
Vascular function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 8 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Adjusted reactive hyperemia index
1.81 RHI
Glar/Exenatide, 8 weeks
Adjusted reactive hyperemia index
2.07 RHI
Glar, 8 weeks
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, baseline-adjusted RHI (mean ± SE) did not differ between the groups at 8-weeks (Glar 2.07 ± 0.10; Glar/Lispro 2.00 ± 0.10; Glar/Exenatide 1.81 ± 0.10; p = 0.19), nor did baseline-adjusted BP or HR.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492105
02HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted blood pressure did not differ between glargine-exenatide and glargine alone.
In plain wordsIn adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted blood pressure did not differ between glargine-exenatide and glargine alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeAdjusted blood pressure versus glargine
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glargine alone
Outcome group
Blood pressure · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 8 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, baseline-adjusted RHI (mean ± SE) did not differ between the groups at 8-weeks (Glar 2.07 ± 0.10; Glar/Lispro 2.00 ± 0.10; Glar/Exenatide 1.81 ± 0.10; p = 0.19), nor did baseline-adjusted BP or HR.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492107
03HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted heart rate did not differ between glargine-exenatide and glargine alone.
In plain wordsIn adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted heart rate did not differ between glargine-exenatide and glargine alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeAdjusted heart rate versus glargine
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glargine alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 8 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, baseline-adjusted RHI (mean ± SE) did not differ between the groups at 8-weeks (Glar 2.07 ± 0.10; Glar/Lispro 2.00 ± 0.10; Glar/Exenatide 1.81 ± 0.10; p = 0.19), nor did baseline-adjusted BP or HR.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492109
04HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
After washout in adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted reactive hyperemia index did not differ between prior glargine-exenatide and glargine.
In plain wordsAfter washout in adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted blood vessel function did not differ between prior glargine-exenatide and glargine.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeReactive hyperemia index after washout versus glargine
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glargine alone
Outcome group
Vascular function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 8 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
There were no differences between the groups in baseline-adjusted RHI, BP or HR after 12-weeks washout.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492111
05HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
After washout in adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted blood pressure did not differ between prior glargine-exenatide and glargine.
In plain wordsAfter washout in adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted blood pressure did not differ between prior glargine-exenatide and glargine.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeBlood pressure after washout versus glargine
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glargine alone
Outcome group
Blood pressure · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 8 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
There were no differences between the groups in baseline-adjusted RHI, BP or HR after 12-weeks washout.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492113
06HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
After washout in adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted heart rate did not differ between prior glargine-exenatide and glargine.
In plain wordsAfter washout in adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted heart rate did not differ between prior glargine-exenatide and glargine.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeHeart rate after washout versus glargine
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glargine alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 8 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
There were no differences between the groups in baseline-adjusted RHI, BP or HR after 12-weeks washout.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492115

Studies that did not test the peptide alone10

In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

07HumanNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with early type 2 diabetes, glargine-exenatide reduced systolic blood pressure from baseline.
In plain wordsIn adults with early type 2 diabetes, glargine-exenatide reduced systolic blood pressure compared with baseline.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseSystolic blood pressure from baseline
Study
n = 25
Comparator
Baseline
Outcome group
Blood pressure · Cardiovascular
Measurements
Systolic pressure change
−8.1 mmHg
Glargine-exenatide
Source sentences
Summary
At 8-weeks, Glar/Exenatide decreased systolic BP (mean - 8.1 mmHg [95%CI - 13.9 to - 2.4], p = 0.008) and diastolic BP (mean - 5.1 mmHg [- 9.0 to - 1.3], p = 0.012) compared to baseline, with no significant changes in HR or RHI.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492101
08HumanNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with early type 2 diabetes, glargine-exenatide reduced diastolic blood pressure from baseline.
In plain wordsIn adults with early type 2 diabetes, glargine-exenatide reduced diastolic blood pressure compared with baseline.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseDiastolic blood pressure from baseline
Study
n = 25
Comparator
Baseline
Outcome group
Blood pressure · Cardiovascular
Measurements
Diastolic pressure change
−5.1 mmHg
Glargine-exenatide
Source sentences
Summary
At 8-weeks, Glar/Exenatide decreased systolic BP (mean - 8.1 mmHg [95%CI - 13.9 to - 2.4], p = 0.008) and diastolic BP (mean - 5.1 mmHg [- 9.0 to - 1.3], p = 0.012) compared to baseline, with no significant changes in HR or RHI.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492102
09HumanNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with early type 2 diabetes, heart rate did not significantly change during glargine-exenatide treatment.
In plain wordsIn adults with early type 2 diabetes, heart rate did not significantly change with glargine-exenatide compared with baseline.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeHeart rate from baseline
Study
n = 25
Comparator
Baseline
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
At 8-weeks, Glar/Exenatide decreased systolic BP (mean - 8.1 mmHg [95%CI - 13.9 to - 2.4], p = 0.008) and diastolic BP (mean - 5.1 mmHg [- 9.0 to - 1.3], p = 0.012) compared to baseline, with no significant changes in HR or RHI.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492103
10HumanNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with early type 2 diabetes, reactive hyperemia index did not significantly change during glargine-exenatide treatment.
In plain wordsIn adults with early type 2 diabetes, the blood vessel function index did not significantly change with glargine-exenatide compared with baseline.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeReactive hyperemia index from baseline
Study
n = 25
Comparator
Baseline
Outcome group
Vascular function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
At 8-weeks, Glar/Exenatide decreased systolic BP (mean - 8.1 mmHg [95%CI - 13.9 to - 2.4], p = 0.008) and diastolic BP (mean - 5.1 mmHg [- 9.0 to - 1.3], p = 0.012) compared to baseline, with no significant changes in HR or RHI.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492104
11HumanNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted reactive hyperemia index did not differ between glargine-exenatide and glargine-lispro.
In plain wordsIn adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted blood vessel function did not differ between glargine-exenatide and glargine-lispro.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeAdjusted reactive hyperemia index versus glargine-lispro
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glargine-lispro
Outcome group
Vascular function · Cardiovascular
Measurements
Adjusted reactive hyperemia index
1.81 RHI
Glar/Exenatide, 8 weeks
Adjusted reactive hyperemia index
2 RHI
Glar/Lispro, 8 weeks
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, baseline-adjusted RHI (mean ± SE) did not differ between the groups at 8-weeks (Glar 2.07 ± 0.10; Glar/Lispro 2.00 ± 0.10; Glar/Exenatide 1.81 ± 0.10; p = 0.19), nor did baseline-adjusted BP or HR.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492106
12HumanNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted blood pressure did not differ between glargine-exenatide and glargine-lispro.
In plain wordsIn adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted blood pressure did not differ between glargine-exenatide and glargine-lispro.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeAdjusted blood pressure versus glargine-lispro
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glargine-lispro
Outcome group
Blood pressure · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, baseline-adjusted RHI (mean ± SE) did not differ between the groups at 8-weeks (Glar 2.07 ± 0.10; Glar/Lispro 2.00 ± 0.10; Glar/Exenatide 1.81 ± 0.10; p = 0.19), nor did baseline-adjusted BP or HR.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492108
13HumanNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted heart rate did not differ between glargine-exenatide and glargine-lispro.
In plain wordsIn adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted heart rate did not differ between glargine-exenatide and glargine-lispro.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeAdjusted heart rate versus glargine-lispro
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glargine-lispro
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, baseline-adjusted RHI (mean ± SE) did not differ between the groups at 8-weeks (Glar 2.07 ± 0.10; Glar/Lispro 2.00 ± 0.10; Glar/Exenatide 1.81 ± 0.10; p = 0.19), nor did baseline-adjusted BP or HR.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492110
14HumanNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
After washout in adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted reactive hyperemia index did not differ between prior glargine-exenatide and glargine-lispro.
In plain wordsAfter washout in adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted blood vessel function did not differ between prior glargine-exenatide and glargine-lispro.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeReactive hyperemia index after washout versus glargine-lispro
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glargine-lispro
Outcome group
Vascular function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
There were no differences between the groups in baseline-adjusted RHI, BP or HR after 12-weeks washout.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492112
15HumanNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
After washout in adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted blood pressure did not differ between prior glargine-exenatide and glargine-lispro.
In plain wordsAfter washout in adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted blood pressure did not differ between prior glargine-exenatide and glargine-lispro.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeBlood pressure after washout versus glargine-lispro
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glargine-lispro
Outcome group
Blood pressure · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
There were no differences between the groups in baseline-adjusted RHI, BP or HR after 12-weeks washout.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492114
16HumanNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
After washout in adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted heart rate did not differ between prior glargine-exenatide and glargine-lispro.
In plain wordsAfter washout in adults with early type 2 diabetes, adjusted heart rate did not differ between prior glargine-exenatide and glargine-lispro.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeHeart rate after washout versus glargine-lispro
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glargine-lispro
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
There were no differences between the groups in baseline-adjusted RHI, BP or HR after 12-weeks washout.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this 20-week trial, adults with T2DM of < 7-years duration were randomized to 8-weeks treatment with (i) insulin glargine (Glar), (ii) glargine + thrice-daily lispro (Glar/Lispro), or (iii) glargine + twice-daily exenatide (Glar/Exenatide), followed by 12-weeks washout.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3689492116

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 completed · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

CompletedPhase 3NCT02194595

Preserving Beta-cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes With Exenatide and Insulin (PREVAIL)

Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadan = 105Sept 2014 to Feb 2022

Type 2 Diabetes

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 11 Apr 2022

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

Publication types

MeSH terms

Keywords

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