Restoration of NAD⁺ homeostasis protects C2C12 myoblasts and mouse levator ani muscle from mechanical stress-induced damage.

Huang G, He Y, Hong L, Zhou M, Zuo X, Zhao Z

Animal cells and systems3 Aug 2022Cited by 6 (Europe PMC)

PMID36046029PMCIDPMC9423866DOI10.1080/19768354.2022.2106303PepBankPUB-36046029

Summary

Excessive mechanical traction damages the levator ani muscle (LAM), increasing the incidence of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). In this study, we explored the effects of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) on the damage to both muscle cells and LAM tissue induced by mechanical stress (MS) at the cellular and animal levels. The cell damage model was established using a four-point bending system. The LAM damage model was established using vaginal distention and traction. Exogenous addition of PJ34, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) precursor of NAD⁺ increased NAD⁺ levels. ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured to assess mitochondrial function. NAD⁺ levels, cell viability, and PARP-1 activity were detected using commercial kits. DNA damage in cells was detected with immunofluorescence staining, and LAM damage was detected with tissue TUNEL staining. PARP-1 activity and DNA damage of LAM were detected by immunohistochemistry. A small amount of DNA damage and PARP-1 activation did not affect NAD⁺ levels, while excessive DNA damage and PARP-1 activation led to an imbalance of NAD⁺ homeostasis. Furthermore, increasing NAD⁺ levels in vivo and in vitro could rescue mitochondrial dysfunction and damage to both muscle cells and LAM tissue induced by MS. In conclusion, MS can induce damage to both C2C12 cells and LAM tissue. Restoring NAD⁺ homeostasis can rescue this damage by improving mitochondrial function.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study6

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone6

In this study, NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide).

01AnimalNot a test of NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In the mouse muscle injury study, PJ34 and NMN increased NAD levels without separate intervention estimates.
In plain wordsIn mice, PJ34 and NMN increased NAD levels, but the abstract gives no separate intervention results.
Peptide
NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)
Outcome
IncreaseNAD levels
Study
mousen: not reported in source
mechanically stressed mouse levator ani muscle
Outcome group
Mitochondrial function · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
Exogenous addition of PJ34, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) precursor of NAD⁺ increased NAD⁺ levels.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this study, we explored the effects of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) on the damage to both muscle cells and LAM tissue induced by mechanical stress (MS) at the cellular and animal levels.
In this study, NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3604602902
02AnimalNot a test of NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In mechanically stressed mouse muscle, NAD restoration using PJ34 and NMN rescued mitochondrial dysfunction without separate intervention estimates.
In plain wordsIn mice, NAD restoration rescued muscle mitochondrial dysfunction after mechanical stress, without separate NMN results.
Peptide
NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)
Outcome
DecreaseMitochondrial dysfunction
Study
mousen: not reported in source
mechanically stressed mouse levator ani muscle
Outcome group
Mitochondrial function · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
Furthermore, increasing NAD⁺ levels in vivo and in vitro could rescue mitochondrial dysfunction and damage to both muscle cells and LAM tissue induced by MS.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Exogenous addition of PJ34, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) precursor of NAD⁺ increased NAD⁺ levels.
In this study, NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3604602904
03AnimalNot a test of NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In mechanically stressed mouse levator ani muscle, NAD restoration using PJ34 and NMN rescued tissue damage without separate intervention estimates.
In plain wordsIn mice, NAD restoration rescued levator ani muscle damage after mechanical stress, without separate NMN results.
Peptide
NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)
Outcome
DecreaseLevator ani muscle tissue damage
Study
mousen: not reported in source
mechanically stressed mouse levator ani muscle
Outcome group
Muscle injury and repair · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
Furthermore, increasing NAD⁺ levels in vivo and in vitro could rescue mitochondrial dysfunction and damage to both muscle cells and LAM tissue induced by MS.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Exogenous addition of PJ34, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) precursor of NAD⁺ increased NAD⁺ levels.
In this study, NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3604602906
04LabNot a test of NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In mechanically stressed muscle cells, exogenous PJ34 and NMN increased NAD levels without separate intervention estimates.
In plain wordsIn cells, PJ34 and NMN increased NAD levels, but the abstract gives no separate intervention results.
Peptide
NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)
Outcome
IncreaseNAD levels
Study
mousen: not reported in source
mechanically stressed C2C12 myoblasts
Outcome group
Mitochondrial function · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
Exogenous addition of PJ34, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) precursor of NAD⁺ increased NAD⁺ levels.
In this study, NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3604602901
05LabNot a test of NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In mechanically stressed muscle cells, NAD restoration using PJ34 and NMN rescued mitochondrial dysfunction without separate intervention estimates.
In plain wordsIn cells, NAD restoration rescued mitochondrial dysfunction after mechanical stress, without separate NMN results.
Peptide
NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)
Outcome
DecreaseMitochondrial dysfunction
Study
mousen: not reported in source
mechanically stressed C2C12 myoblasts
Outcome group
Mitochondrial function · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
Furthermore, increasing NAD⁺ levels in vivo and in vitro could rescue mitochondrial dysfunction and damage to both muscle cells and LAM tissue induced by MS.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Exogenous addition of PJ34, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) precursor of NAD⁺ increased NAD⁺ levels.
In this study, NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3604602903
06LabNot a test of NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In mechanically stressed muscle cells, NAD restoration using PJ34 and NMN rescued damage without separate intervention estimates.
In plain wordsIn cells, NAD restoration rescued mechanical stress damage, without separate NMN results.
Peptide
NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)
Outcome
DecreaseMuscle cell damage
Study
mousen: not reported in source
mechanically stressed C2C12 myoblasts
Outcome group
Muscle injury and repair · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
Furthermore, increasing NAD⁺ levels in vivo and in vitro could rescue mitochondrial dysfunction and damage to both muscle cells and LAM tissue induced by MS.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Exogenous addition of PJ34, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) precursor of NAD⁺ increased NAD⁺ levels.
In this study, NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3604602905

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
21 Oct 2026, 15:58 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 12:50 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

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