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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2022

11 results

SS31 Ameliorates Oxidative Stress via the Restoration of Autophagic Flux to Protect Aged Mice From Hind Limb Ischemia.

Yang Q, Li C, Chen Q

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine14 Apr 2022Cited by 6 (Europe PMC)

PMID35497980 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC9046554 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.3389/fcvm.2022.789331 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-35497980
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Summary

BackgroundOxidative stress and impaired autophagic flux play important roles in the development of peripheral artery disease (PAD). SS31 is considered an important antioxidant peptide and autophagy regulator. We aimed to investigate the role of SS31 in PAD myopathy and its possible mechanism both in vivo and in vitro.MethodsA hind limb ischemia (HLI) model was established with old C57BL/6 (14-month-old) mice. Mice in the SS31 group were intraperitoneally injected with SS31 (3 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. We examined skeletal muscle function and histomorphology, autophagy-related protein levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. For the in vitro experiments, after C2C12 myotubes were treated with CoCl2, SS31, and chloroquine (CQ) or rapamycin (RAPA), we measured ROS content, autophagy-related protein levels and antioxidant enzyme expression.ResultsSS31 treatment effectively enhanced the recovery of skeletal muscle function, alleviated skeletal muscle injury and suppressed mitochondrial ROS production in ischemic limbs. SS31 reduced apoptosis and oxidative stress, and SS31 restored impaired autophagic flux by inhibiting the AKT-mTOR pathway. In vitro studies showed that SS31 restored autophagic flux and improved oxidative stress in C2C12 cells. Moreover, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) and phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) levels were reduced.ConclusionThese experiments indicated that SS31 can inhibit oxidative stress by restoring autophagic flux to reverse hypoxia-induced injury in vivo and in vitro.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study11

11 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In aged mice with hind limb ischemia, SS31 enhanced recovery of skeletal muscle function.

    In plain wordsIn aged mice with limb ischemia, SS31 improved recovery of muscle function.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    IncreaseRecovery of skeletal muscle function
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Hind limb ischemia in 14-month-old C57BL/6 mice
    Outcome group
    Muscle injury and repair · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    3 mg/kg · intraperitoneal · 4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    SS31 treatment effectively enhanced the recovery of skeletal muscle function
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A hind limb ischemia (HLI) model was established with old C57BL/6 (14-month-old) mice.
    Summary · context
    Mice in the SS31 group were intraperitoneally injected with SS31 (3 mg/kg) for 4 weeks.
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In aged mice with hind limb ischemia, SS31 alleviated skeletal muscle injury.

    In plain wordsIn aged mice with limb ischemia, SS31 reduced muscle injury.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    DecreaseSkeletal muscle injury
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Hind limb ischemia in 14-month-old C57BL/6 mice
    Outcome group
    Muscle injury and repair · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    3 mg/kg · intraperitoneal · 4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    alleviated skeletal muscle injury
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A hind limb ischemia (HLI) model was established with old C57BL/6 (14-month-old) mice.
    Summary · context
    Mice in the SS31 group were intraperitoneally injected with SS31 (3 mg/kg) for 4 weeks.
  3. 03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In aged mice with hind limb ischemia, SS31 suppressed mitochondrial ROS production in ischemic limbs.

    In plain wordsIn aged mice with limb ischemia, SS31 lowered harmful reactive oxygen species made by mitochondria.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    DecreaseMitochondrial ROS production in ischemic limbs
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Hind limb ischemia in 14-month-old C57BL/6 mice
    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    3 mg/kg · intraperitoneal · 4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    suppressed mitochondrial ROS production in ischemic limbs.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A hind limb ischemia (HLI) model was established with old C57BL/6 (14-month-old) mice.
    Summary · context
    Mice in the SS31 group were intraperitoneally injected with SS31 (3 mg/kg) for 4 weeks.
  4. 04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In aged mice with hind limb ischemia, SS31 reduced apoptosis.

    In plain wordsIn aged mice with limb ischemia, SS31 reduced cell death.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    DecreaseApoptosis
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Hind limb ischemia in 14-month-old C57BL/6 mice
    Outcome group
    Cell viability and death · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    3 mg/kg · intraperitoneal · 4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    SS31 reduced apoptosis and oxidative stress
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A hind limb ischemia (HLI) model was established with old C57BL/6 (14-month-old) mice.
    Summary · context
    Mice in the SS31 group were intraperitoneally injected with SS31 (3 mg/kg) for 4 weeks.
  5. 05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In aged mice with hind limb ischemia, SS31 reduced oxidative stress.

    In plain wordsIn aged mice with limb ischemia, SS31 reduced oxidative stress.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    DecreaseOxidative stress
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Hind limb ischemia in 14-month-old C57BL/6 mice
    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    3 mg/kg · intraperitoneal · 4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    SS31 reduced apoptosis and oxidative stress
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A hind limb ischemia (HLI) model was established with old C57BL/6 (14-month-old) mice.
    Summary · context
    Mice in the SS31 group were intraperitoneally injected with SS31 (3 mg/kg) for 4 weeks.
  6. 06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In aged mice with hind limb ischemia, SS31 restored impaired autophagic flux.

    In plain wordsIn aged mice with limb ischemia, SS31 restored the cell's waste-recycling process.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    IncreaseAutophagic flux
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Hind limb ischemia in 14-month-old C57BL/6 mice
    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    3 mg/kg · intraperitoneal · 4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    SS31 restored impaired autophagic flux by inhibiting the AKT-mTOR pathway.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A hind limb ischemia (HLI) model was established with old C57BL/6 (14-month-old) mice.
    Summary · context
    Mice in the SS31 group were intraperitoneally injected with SS31 (3 mg/kg) for 4 weeks.
  7. 07AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In aged mice with hind limb ischemia, SS31 restored autophagic flux by inhibiting the AKT-mTOR pathway.

    In plain wordsIn aged mice with limb ischemia, SS31 appeared to act by inhibiting the AKT-mTOR pathway.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    DecreaseAKT-mTOR pathway activity
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Hind limb ischemia in 14-month-old C57BL/6 mice
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    3 mg/kg · intraperitoneal · 4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    SS31 restored impaired autophagic flux by inhibiting the AKT-mTOR pathway.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A hind limb ischemia (HLI) model was established with old C57BL/6 (14-month-old) mice.
    Summary · context
    Mice in the SS31 group were intraperitoneally injected with SS31 (3 mg/kg) for 4 weeks.
  8. 08LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In C2C12 myotubes, SS31 restored autophagic flux.

    In plain wordsIn lab-grown muscle cells, SS31 restored the cell's waste-recycling process.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    IncreaseAutophagic flux in C2C12 cells
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    C2C12 myotubes
    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In vitro studies showed that SS31 restored autophagic flux and improved oxidative stress in C2C12 cells.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    For the in vitro experiments, after C2C12 myotubes were treated with CoCl2, SS31, and chloroquine (CQ) or rapamycin (RAPA), we measured ROS content, autophagy-related protein levels and antioxidant enzyme expression.
  9. 09LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In C2C12 myotubes, SS31 improved oxidative stress.

    In plain wordsIn lab-grown muscle cells, SS31 reduced oxidative stress.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    DecreaseOxidative stress in C2C12 cells
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    C2C12 myotubes
    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In vitro studies showed that SS31 restored autophagic flux and improved oxidative stress in C2C12 cells.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    For the in vitro experiments, after C2C12 myotubes were treated with CoCl2, SS31, and chloroquine (CQ) or rapamycin (RAPA), we measured ROS content, autophagy-related protein levels and antioxidant enzyme expression.
  10. 10LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In the SS31 experiments, phosphorylated AKT levels were reduced.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, SS31 treatment lowered phosphorylated AKT levels.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    DecreasePhosphorylated AKT level
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    C2C12 myotubes
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Moreover, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) and phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) levels were reduced.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    For the in vitro experiments, after C2C12 myotubes were treated with CoCl2, SS31, and chloroquine (CQ) or rapamycin (RAPA), we measured ROS content, autophagy-related protein levels and antioxidant enzyme expression.
  11. 11LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In the SS31 experiments, phosphorylated mTOR levels were reduced.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, SS31 treatment lowered phosphorylated mTOR levels.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    DecreasePhosphorylated mTOR level
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    C2C12 myotubes
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Moreover, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) and phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) levels were reduced.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    For the in vitro experiments, after C2C12 myotubes were treated with CoCl2, SS31, and chloroquine (CQ) or rapamycin (RAPA), we measured ROS content, autophagy-related protein levels and antioxidant enzyme expression.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    10 Oct 2026, 08:19 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 02:47 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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