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Study · Not a test of the peptide alone · 2022

7 results

Duodenal mucosal resurfacing with a GLP-1 receptor agonist increases postprandial unconjugated bile acids in patients with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes.

Meiring S, Meessen ECE, van Baar ACG, Holleman F, Nieuwdorp M, Olde Damink SW, Schaap FG, Vaz FM, Groen AK, Soeters MR, Bergman JJGHM

American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism27 Dec 2021Cited by 17 (Europe PMC)

PMID34957857 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC8858668 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1152/ajpendo.00337.2021 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-34957857
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Summary

Duodenal mucosal resurfacing (DMR) is a new endoscopic ablation technique aimed at improving glycemia and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DMR appears to improve insulin resistance, which is the root cause of T2DM, but its mechanism of action is largely unknown. Bile acids function as intestinal signaling molecules in glucose and energy metabolism via the activation of farnesoid X receptor and secondary signaling [e.g., via fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19)], and are linked to metabolic health. We investigated the effect of DMR and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on postprandial bile acid responses in 16 patients with insulin-dependent T2DM, using mixed meal tests performed at the baseline and 6 mo after the DMR procedure. The combination treatment allowed discontinuation of insulin treatment in 11/16 (69%) of patients while improving glycemic and metabolic health. We found increased postprandial unconjugated bile acid responses (all P < 0.05), an overall increased secondary bile acid response (P = 0.036) and a higher 12α-hydroxylated:non-12α-hydroxylated ratio (P < 0.001). Total bile acid concentrations were unaffected by the intervention. Postprandial FGF19 and 7-α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) concentrations decreased postintervention (both P < 0.01). Our study demonstrates that DMR with GLP-1 modulates the postprandial bile acid response. The alterations in postprandial bile acid responses may be the result of changes in the microbiome, ileal bile acid uptake and improved insulin sensitivity. Controlled studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism linking the combination treatment to metabolic health and bile acids.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Glycemic and metabolic improvements are seen in patients with type 2 diabetes after replacing their insulin therapy with DMR and GLP-1. These changes are accompanied by changes in postprandial bile acid concentrations: increased unconjugated and secondary bile acids.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study7

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone7

In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  1. 01HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In 16 adults with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes, duodenal mucosal resurfacing plus a GLP-1 receptor agonist allowed insulin to stop in 11 of 16 patients (69%).

    In plain wordsIn adults with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes, a gut procedure plus a GLP-1 drug let 11 of 16 people stop insulin.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseInsulin discontinuation
    Study

    n = 16

    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight

    Measurements

    Patients stopping insulin
    69%
    DMR plus GLP-1

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The combination treatment allowed discontinuation of insulin treatment in 11/16 (69%) of patients while improving glycemic and metabolic health.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We investigated the effect of DMR and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on postprandial bile acid responses in 16 patients with insulin-dependent T2DM, using mixed meal tests performed at the baseline and 6 mo after the DMR procedure.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  2. 02HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In adults with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes, duodenal mucosal resurfacing plus a GLP-1 receptor agonist increased postprandial unconjugated bile acid responses at 6 months.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a gut procedure plus a GLP-1 drug raised bile acid levels after meals.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreasePostprandial unconjugated bile acid responses
    Study

    n = 16

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    increased postprandial unconjugated bile acid responses (all P < 0.05)
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We investigated the effect of DMR and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on postprandial bile acid responses in 16 patients with insulin-dependent T2DM, using mixed meal tests performed at the baseline and 6 mo after the DMR procedure.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  3. 03HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In adults with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes, duodenal mucosal resurfacing plus a GLP-1 receptor agonist increased the overall secondary bile acid response.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a gut procedure plus a GLP-1 drug raised a group of bile acids after meals.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreasePostprandial secondary bile acid response
    Study

    n = 16

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    an overall increased secondary bile acid response (P = 0.036)
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We investigated the effect of DMR and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on postprandial bile acid responses in 16 patients with insulin-dependent T2DM, using mixed meal tests performed at the baseline and 6 mo after the DMR procedure.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  4. 04HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In adults with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes, duodenal mucosal resurfacing plus a GLP-1 receptor agonist raised the 12α-hydroxylated to non-12α-hydroxylated bile acid ratio.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a gut procedure plus a GLP-1 drug raised a bile acid ratio.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    Increase12α-hydroxylated to non-12α-hydroxylated bile acid ratio
    Study

    n = 16

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    a higher 12α-hydroxylated:non-12α-hydroxylated ratio (P < 0.001).
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We investigated the effect of DMR and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on postprandial bile acid responses in 16 patients with insulin-dependent T2DM, using mixed meal tests performed at the baseline and 6 mo after the DMR procedure.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  5. 05HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In adults with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes, total bile acid concentrations were unaffected by duodenal mucosal resurfacing plus a GLP-1 receptor agonist.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a gut procedure plus a GLP-1 drug did not change total bile acid levels.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeTotal postprandial bile acid concentration
    Study

    n = 16

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Total bile acid concentrations were unaffected by the intervention.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We investigated the effect of DMR and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on postprandial bile acid responses in 16 patients with insulin-dependent T2DM, using mixed meal tests performed at the baseline and 6 mo after the DMR procedure.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  6. 06HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In adults with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes, postprandial FGF19 decreased after duodenal mucosal resurfacing plus a GLP-1 receptor agonist.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a gut procedure plus a GLP-1 drug lowered the hormone FGF19 after meals.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreasePostprandial FGF19 concentration
    Study

    n = 16

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Postprandial FGF19 and 7-α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) concentrations decreased postintervention (both P < 0.01).
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We investigated the effect of DMR and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on postprandial bile acid responses in 16 patients with insulin-dependent T2DM, using mixed meal tests performed at the baseline and 6 mo after the DMR procedure.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  7. 07HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In adults with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes, postprandial C4 decreased after duodenal mucosal resurfacing plus a GLP-1 receptor agonist.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a gut procedure plus a GLP-1 drug lowered a bile acid production marker after meals.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreasePostprandial C4 (7-α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one) concentration
    Study

    n = 16

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Postprandial FGF19 and 7-α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) concentrations decreased postintervention (both P < 0.01).
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We investigated the effect of DMR and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on postprandial bile acid responses in 16 patients with insulin-dependent T2DM, using mixed meal tests performed at the baseline and 6 mo after the DMR procedure.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    12 Oct 2026, 11:11 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:05 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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