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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 2021

17 results

Over-Dose Lithium Toxicity as an Occlusive-like Syndrome in Rats and Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157.

Strbe S, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Zizek H, Vranes H, Barisic I, Strinic D, Orct T, Vukojevic J, Ilic S, Lovric E, Muzinic D and 8 more

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Kolenc D, Filipčić I, Zoricic Z, Marcinko D, Boban Blagaic A, Skrtic A, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P

Biomedicines20 Oct 2021Cited by 30 (Europe PMC)

PMID34829735 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC8615292 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.3390/biomedicines9111506 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-34829735
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Summary

Due to endothelial impairment, high-dose lithium may produce an occlusive-like syndrome, comparable to permanent occlusion of major vessel-induced syndromes in rats; intracranial, portal, and caval hypertension, and aortal hypotension; multi-organ dysfunction syndrome; brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal lesions; arterial and venous thrombosis; and tissue oxidative stress. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 may be a means of therapy via activating loops (bypassing vessel occlusion) and counteracting major occlusion syndromes. Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas). Subsequently, BPC 157 also counteracted the lithium-induced occlusive-like syndrome; rapidly counteracted brain swelling and intracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension, portal hypertension, and aortal hypotension, which otherwise would persist; counteracted vessel failure; abrogated congestion of the inferior caval and superior mesenteric veins; reversed azygos vein failure; and mitigated thrombosis (superior mesenteric vein and artery), congestion of the stomach, and major hemorrhagic lesions. Both regimens of BPC 157 administration also counteracted the previously described muscular weakness and prostration (as shown in microscopic and ECG recordings), myocardial congestion and infarction, in addition to edema and lesions in various brain areas; marked dilatation and central venous congestion in the liver; large areas of congestion and hemorrhage in the lung; and degeneration of proximal and distal tubules with cytoplasmic vacuolization in the kidney, attenuating oxidative stress. Thus, BPC 157 therapy overwhelmed high-dose lithium intoxication in rats.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study17

17 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, BPC‑157 rapidly counteracted brain swelling.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 quickly reduced brain swelling.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseBrain swelling
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    brain swelling
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, BPC‑157 rapidly counteracted intracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 quickly reduced raised pressure in the brain's main vein.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseIntracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    intracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  3. 03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, BPC‑157 rapidly counteracted portal hypertension.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 quickly reduced high pressure in the liver's portal vein.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreasePortal hypertension
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    portal hypertension
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  4. 04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, BPC‑157 rapidly counteracted aortal hypotension.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 quickly worked against low aortic pressure.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    IncreaseAortal hypotension
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    rapidly counteracted brain swelling and intracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension, portal hypertension, and aortal hypotension
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  5. 05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, BPC‑157 counteracted vessel failure.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 reduced failure of blood vessels.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseVessel failure
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    counteracted vessel failure; abrogated congestion of the inferior caval and superior mesenteric veins; reversed azygos vein failure; and mitigated thrombosis (superior mesenteric vein and artery), congestion of the stomach, and major hemorrhagic lesions.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  6. 06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, BPC‑157 abrogated congestion of the inferior caval and superior mesenteric veins.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 removed blood pooling in two large veins.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseInferior caval and superior mesenteric vein congestion
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    abrogated congestion of the inferior caval and superior mesenteric veins
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  7. 07AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, BPC‑157 reversed azygos vein failure.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 reversed failure of a backup vein.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseAzygos vein failure
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    reversed azygos vein failure
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  8. 08AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, BPC‑157 mitigated thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein and artery.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 reduced blood clots in two abdominal vessels.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseThrombosis (superior mesenteric vein and artery)
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    mitigated thrombosis (superior mesenteric vein and artery)
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  9. 09AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, BPC‑157 mitigated congestion of the stomach.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 reduced blood pooling in the stomach.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseGastric congestion
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Gastrointestinal protection · Gastrointestinal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    congestion of the stomach, and major hemorrhagic lesions.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  10. 10AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, BPC‑157 mitigated major hemorrhagic lesions.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 reduced major bleeding lesions.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseMajor hemorrhagic lesions
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Gastrointestinal protection · Gastrointestinal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    major hemorrhagic lesions.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  11. 11AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, both BPC‑157 regimens counteracted muscular weakness and prostration, shown in microscopic and ECG recordings.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 reduced muscle weakness and collapse.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseMuscular weakness and prostration
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Exercise and physical function · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Both regimens of BPC 157 administration also counteracted the previously described muscular weakness and prostration (as shown in microscopic and ECG recordings)
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  12. 12AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, both BPC‑157 regimens counteracted myocardial congestion and infarction.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 reduced heart muscle blood pooling and damage.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseMyocardial congestion and infarction
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Heart function · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    myocardial congestion and infarction
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  13. 13AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, both BPC‑157 regimens counteracted edema and lesions in various brain areas.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 reduced brain swelling and damage.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseBrain edema and lesions
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    edema and lesions in various brain areas
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  14. 14AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, both BPC‑157 regimens counteracted marked dilatation and central venous congestion in the liver.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 reduced liver vessel swelling and blood pooling.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseLiver dilatation and central venous congestion
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Liver fat and liver function · Liver
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    marked dilatation and central venous congestion in the liver
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  15. 15AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, both BPC‑157 regimens counteracted large areas of congestion and hemorrhage in the lung.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 reduced lung blood pooling and bleeding.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseLung congestion and hemorrhage
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Lung injury and fibrosis · Respiratory
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    large areas of congestion and hemorrhage in the lung
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  16. 16AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, both BPC‑157 regimens counteracted degeneration of proximal and distal tubules with cytoplasmic vacuolization in the kidney.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 reduced damage to kidney tubules.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseKidney tubule degeneration
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Kidney function · Kidney and urinary
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    degeneration of proximal and distal tubules with cytoplasmic vacuolization in the kidney
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).
  17. 17AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with high-dose lithium toxicity, both BPC‑157 regimens attenuated oxidative stress.

    In plain wordsIn rats given a high dose of lithium, BPC‑157 reduced oxidative stress.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseTissue oxidative stress
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    High-dose lithium toxicity (occlusive-like syndrome)
    Outcome group
    Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    attenuating oxidative stress.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Recently, BPC 157 counteracted the lithium sulfate regimen in rats (500 mg/kg/day, ip, for 3 days, with assessment at 210 min after each administration of lithium) and its severe syndrome (muscular weakness and prostration, reduced muscle fibers, myocardial infarction, and edema of various brain areas).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 3Current

    10 Oct 2026, 08:19 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 2

    9 Oct 2026, 03:03 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 02:56 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

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