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Study · Non-randomized trial · 2021

8 results

Effects of Oral Liposomal Glutathione in Altering the Immune Responses Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Strain in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes.

To K, Cao R, Yegiazaryan A, Owens J, Nguyen T, Sasaninia K, Vaughn C, Singh M, Truong E, Medina A, Avitia E, Villegas J, Pham C, Sathananthan A, Venketaraman V

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology3 Jun 2021Cited by 25 (Europe PMC)

PMID34150674 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC8211104 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.3389/fcimb.2021.657775 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-34150674
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Summary

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as a neglected, important, and re-emerging risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), especially in low and middle-income countries where TB is endemic. In this clinical trial study, oral liposomal glutathione supplementation (L-GSH) or placebo was given to individuals with T2DM to investigate the therapeutic effects of L-GSH supplementation. We report that L-GSH supplementation for 3 months in people with T2DM was able to reduce the levels of oxidative stress in all blood components and prevent depletion of glutathione (GSH) in this population known to be GSH deficient. Additionally, L-GSH supplementation significantly reduced the burden of intracellular mycobacteria within in vitro granulomas generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of T2DM subjects. L-GSH supplementation also increased the levels of Th1-associated cytokines, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 and decreased levels of IL-6 and IL-10. In conclusion our studies indicate that oral L-GSH supplementation in individuals with T2DM for three months was able to maintain the levels of GSH, reduce oxidative stress, and diminish mycobacterial burden within in vitro generated granulomas of diabetics. L-GSH supplementation for 3 months in diabetics was also able to modulate the levels of various cytokines.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study8

8 results from studies that gave the peptide. 7 results from people.

  1. 01HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In people with diabetes, liposomal GSH supplementation reduced oxidative stress in all blood components.

    In plain wordsIn people with diabetes, liposomal glutathione supplementation reduced oxidative stress in blood components.

    Peptide
    Glutathione
    Outcome
    DecreaseBlood oxidative stress
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Oxidative stress · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral · 3 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    We report that L-GSH supplementation for 3 months in people with T2DM was able to reduce the levels of oxidative stress in all blood components and prevent depletion of glutathione (GSH) in this population known to be GSH deficient.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In this clinical trial study, oral liposomal glutathione supplementation (L-GSH) or placebo was given to individuals with T2DM to investigate the therapeutic effects of L-GSH supplementation.
  2. 02HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In people with diabetes, liposomal GSH supplementation prevented GSH depletion.

    In plain wordsIn people with diabetes, liposomal glutathione supplementation prevented glutathione depletion.

    Peptide
    Glutathione
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedGSH depletion
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral · 3 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    We report that L-GSH supplementation for 3 months in people with T2DM was able to reduce the levels of oxidative stress in all blood components and prevent depletion of glutathione (GSH) in this population known to be GSH deficient.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In this clinical trial study, oral liposomal glutathione supplementation (L-GSH) or placebo was given to individuals with T2DM to investigate the therapeutic effects of L-GSH supplementation.
  3. 03HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In people with diabetes, liposomal GSH supplementation increased IFN-γ levels.

    In plain wordsIn people with diabetes, liposomal glutathione supplementation increased IFN-γ levels.

    Peptide
    Glutathione
    Outcome
    IncreaseIFN-γ
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral · 3 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    L-GSH supplementation also increased the levels of Th1-associated cytokines, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 and decreased levels of IL-6 and IL-10.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In this clinical trial study, oral liposomal glutathione supplementation (L-GSH) or placebo was given to individuals with T2DM to investigate the therapeutic effects of L-GSH supplementation.
  4. 04HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In people with diabetes, liposomal GSH supplementation increased TNF-α levels.

    In plain wordsIn people with diabetes, liposomal glutathione supplementation increased TNF-α levels.

    Peptide
    Glutathione
    Outcome
    IncreaseTNF-α
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral · 3 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    L-GSH supplementation also increased the levels of Th1-associated cytokines, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 and decreased levels of IL-6 and IL-10.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In this clinical trial study, oral liposomal glutathione supplementation (L-GSH) or placebo was given to individuals with T2DM to investigate the therapeutic effects of L-GSH supplementation.
  5. 05HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In people with diabetes, liposomal GSH supplementation increased IL-2 levels.

    In plain wordsIn people with diabetes, liposomal glutathione supplementation increased IL-2 levels.

    Peptide
    Glutathione
    Outcome
    IncreaseIL-2
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral · 3 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    L-GSH supplementation also increased the levels of Th1-associated cytokines, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 and decreased levels of IL-6 and IL-10.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In this clinical trial study, oral liposomal glutathione supplementation (L-GSH) or placebo was given to individuals with T2DM to investigate the therapeutic effects of L-GSH supplementation.
  6. 06HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In people with diabetes, liposomal GSH supplementation decreased IL-6 levels.

    In plain wordsIn people with diabetes, liposomal glutathione supplementation decreased IL-6 levels.

    Peptide
    Glutathione
    Outcome
    DecreaseIL-6
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral · 3 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    L-GSH supplementation also increased the levels of Th1-associated cytokines, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 and decreased levels of IL-6 and IL-10.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In this clinical trial study, oral liposomal glutathione supplementation (L-GSH) or placebo was given to individuals with T2DM to investigate the therapeutic effects of L-GSH supplementation.
  7. 07HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In people with diabetes, liposomal GSH supplementation decreased IL-10 levels.

    In plain wordsIn people with diabetes, liposomal glutathione supplementation decreased IL-10 levels.

    Peptide
    Glutathione
    Outcome
    DecreaseIL-10
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral · 3 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    L-GSH supplementation also increased the levels of Th1-associated cytokines, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 and decreased levels of IL-6 and IL-10.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In this clinical trial study, oral liposomal glutathione supplementation (L-GSH) or placebo was given to individuals with T2DM to investigate the therapeutic effects of L-GSH supplementation.
  8. 08LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In PBMC-derived granulomas from diabetic subjects, oral liposomal GSH supplementation reduced intracellular mycobacterial burden.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, granulomas from diabetic subjects given liposomal glutathione had reduced intracellular mycobacterial burden.

    Peptide
    Glutathione
    Outcome
    DecreaseIntracellular mycobacterial burden
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    PBMC-derived in vitro granulomas from T2DM subjects
    Outcome group
    Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oral · 3 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Additionally, L-GSH supplementation significantly reduced the burden of intracellular mycobacteria within in vitro granulomas generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of T2DM subjects.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In this clinical trial study, oral liposomal glutathione supplementation (L-GSH) or placebo was given to individuals with T2DM to investigate the therapeutic effects of L-GSH supplementation.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    14 Oct 2026, 05:02 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    14 Oct 2026, 01:46 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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