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Study · Not a test of the peptide alone · 2021

6 results

Changes in Biomechanical Properties of A375 Cells Due to the Silencing of TMSB4X Expression Are Not Directly Correlated with Alterations in Their Stemness Features.

Makowiecka A, Mazurkiewicz E, Mrówczyńska E, Malek N, Battistella A, Lazzarino M, Nowak D, Mazur AJ

Cells31 Mar 2021Cited by 11 (Europe PMC)

PMID33807338 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC8067020 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.3390/cells10040769 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-33807338
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Summary

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a small, 44-amino acid polypeptide. It has been implicated in multiple processes, including cell movement, angiogenesis, and stemness. Previously, we reported that melanoma cell lines differ in Tβ4 levels. Studies on stable clones with silenced TMSB4X expression showed that Tβ4 impacted adhesion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression. Here, we show that the cells with silenced TMSB4X expression exhibited altered actin cytoskeleton's organization and subcellular relocalization of two intermediate filament proteins: Nestin and Vimentin. The rearrangement of the cell cytoskeleton resulted in changes in the cells' topology, height, and stiffness defined by Young's modulus. Simultaneously, only for some A375 clones with a lowered Tβ4 level, we observed a decreased ability to initiate colony formation in soft agar, tumor formation in vivo, and alterations in Nanog's expression level transcription factor regulating stemness. Thus, we show for the first time that in A375 cells, biomechanical properties are not directly coupled to stemness features, and this cell line is phenotypically heterogeneous.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study6

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone6

In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  1. 01AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In some A375 clones with lowered Tβ4, tumor formation in vivo decreased.

    In plain wordsIn an animal test, some cell clones with less Tβ4 formed fewer tumors.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseTumor formation in vivo
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Tumor growth · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Simultaneously, only for some A375 clones with a lowered Tβ4 level, we observed a decreased ability to initiate colony formation in soft agar, tumor formation in vivo
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Here, we show that the cells with silenced TMSB4X expression exhibited altered actin cytoskeleton's organization and subcellular relocalization of two intermediate filament proteins: Nestin and Vimentin.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  2. 02LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In A375 cells, silenced TMSB4X expression altered the organization of the actin cytoskeleton.

    In plain wordsIn cells, silencing the TMSB4X gene changed how the cell skeleton was organised.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedActin cytoskeleton organization after TMSB4X silencing
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    A375 melanoma cells with silenced TMSB4X
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Here, we show that the cells with silenced TMSB4X expression exhibited altered actin cytoskeleton's organization and subcellular relocalization of two intermediate filament proteins: Nestin and Vimentin.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  3. 03LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In A375 cells, silenced TMSB4X expression caused subcellular relocalization of the intermediate filament proteins Nestin and Vimentin.

    In plain wordsIn cells, silencing the TMSB4X gene moved two skeleton proteins to other parts of the cell.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedSubcellular localization of Nestin and Vimentin after TMSB4X silencing
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    A375 melanoma cells with silenced TMSB4X
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Here, we show that the cells with silenced TMSB4X expression exhibited altered actin cytoskeleton's organization and subcellular relocalization of two intermediate filament proteins: Nestin and Vimentin.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  4. 04LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In A375 cells, rearrangement of the cytoskeleton after TMSB4X silencing changed cell topology, height and stiffness.

    In plain wordsIn cells, silencing the TMSB4X gene changed cell shape, height and stiffness.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedCell topology, height and stiffness (Young's modulus)
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    A375 melanoma cells with silenced TMSB4X
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The rearrangement of the cell cytoskeleton resulted in changes in the cells' topology, height, and stiffness defined by Young's modulus.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Here, we show that the cells with silenced TMSB4X expression exhibited altered actin cytoskeleton's organization and subcellular relocalization of two intermediate filament proteins: Nestin and Vimentin.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  5. 05LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In some A375 clones with lowered Tβ4, the ability to initiate colony formation in soft agar decreased.

    In plain wordsIn cells, some clones with less Tβ4 formed fewer colonies in soft agar.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseColony formation in soft agar
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    A375 melanoma cells with silenced TMSB4X
    Outcome group
    Tumor growth · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Simultaneously, only for some A375 clones with a lowered Tβ4 level, we observed a decreased ability to initiate colony formation in soft agar
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Here, we show that the cells with silenced TMSB4X expression exhibited altered actin cytoskeleton's organization and subcellular relocalization of two intermediate filament proteins: Nestin and Vimentin.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  6. 06LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In some A375 clones with lowered Tβ4, the expression level of the stemness transcription factor Nanog was altered.

    In plain wordsIn cells, some clones with less Tβ4 had a different level of the stemness factor Nanog.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedNanog expression
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    A375 melanoma cells with silenced TMSB4X
    Outcome group
    Tumor growth · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Simultaneously, only for some A375 clones with a lowered Tβ4 level, we observed a decreased ability to initiate colony formation in soft agar, tumor formation in vivo, and alterations in Nanog's expression level transcription factor regulating stemness
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Here, we show that the cells with silenced TMSB4X expression exhibited altered actin cytoskeleton's organization and subcellular relocalization of two intermediate filament proteins: Nestin and Vimentin.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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