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Study · Measured the body's own peptide · 2021

3 results

Identification of altered protein expression in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder patients using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Kim H, Rhee SJ, Lee H, Han D, Lee TY, Kim M, Kim EY, Kwon JS, Shin H, Kim H, Ahn YM, Ha K

Psychiatry research2 Mar 2021Cited by 20 (Europe PMC)

PMID33711561 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113850 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-33711561
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study3

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured3

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 01HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    In plasma of adults with major depressive disorder, thymosin beta‑4 (TMSB4X) was differentially expressed compared with healthy controls.

    In plain wordsIn adults with major depression, the body's own thymosin beta‑4 level in blood differed from healthy people.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedPlasma TMSB4X in major depressive disorder
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Healthy controls
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Mental health and mood

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Fourteen and six proteins in MDD and BD patients, respectively, were differentially expressed compared to HCs, among which coagulation factor XIII A chain (F13A1), platelet basic protein (PPBP), platelet facor 4 (PF4), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and thymosin beta-4 (TMSB4X) we…
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We performed proteomic profiling using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify dysregulated proteins in plasma samples of 42 and 45 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), respectively, in comparison to 51 healthy controls (HCs).

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  2. 02HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    In plasma of adults with bipolar disorder, thymosin beta‑4 (TMSB4X) was differentially expressed compared with healthy controls.

    In plain wordsIn adults with bipolar disorder, the body's own thymosin beta‑4 level in blood differed from healthy people.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedPlasma TMSB4X in bipolar disorder
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Healthy controls
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Mental health and mood

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Fourteen and six proteins in MDD and BD patients, respectively, were differentially expressed compared to HCs, among which coagulation factor XIII A chain (F13A1), platelet basic protein (PPBP), platelet facor 4 (PF4), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and thymosin beta-4 (TMSB4X) we…
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We performed proteomic profiling using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify dysregulated proteins in plasma samples of 42 and 45 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), respectively, in comparison to 51 healthy controls (HCs).

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  3. 03HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    Among proteins altered in both disorders, including TMSB4X, fold changes were higher in major depressive disorder than in bipolar disorder.

    In plain wordsThe change in the body's own thymosin beta‑4 level in blood was larger in major depression than in bipolar disorder.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedFold change of plasma TMSB4X, major depressive disorder versus bipolar disorder
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Bipolar disorder patients
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Mental health and mood

    Source sentences

    Summary
    For proteins dysregulated in both, except F13A1, higher fold changes were observed in MDD than in BD patients.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Fourteen and six proteins in MDD and BD patients, respectively, were differentially expressed compared to HCs, among which coagulation factor XIII A chain (F13A1), platelet basic protein (PPBP), platelet facor 4 (PF4), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and thymosin beta-4 (TMSB4X) we…

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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