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Study · Not a test of the peptide alone · 2020

8 results

Thymosin β4 is essential for adherens junction stability and epidermal planar cell polarity.

Padmanabhan K, Grobe H, Cohen J, Soffer A, Mahly A, Adir O, Zaidel-Bar R, Luxenburg C

Development (Cambridge, England)11 Dec 2020Cited by 28 (Europe PMC)

PMID33310787 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC7758630 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1242/dev.193425 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-33310787
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Summary

Planar cell polarity (PCP) is essential for tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis; however, the mechanisms that orchestrate the cell shape and packing dynamics required to establish PCP are poorly understood. Here, we identified a major role for the globular (G)-actin-binding protein thymosin-β4 (TMSB4X) in PCP establishment and cell adhesion in the developing epidermis. Depletion of Tmsb4x in mouse embryos hindered eyelid closure and hair-follicle angling owing to PCP defects. Tmsb4x depletion did not preclude epidermal cell adhesion in vivo or in vitro; however, it resulted in abnormal structural organization and stability of adherens junction (AJ) due to defects in filamentous (F)-actin and G-actin distribution. In cultured keratinocytes, TMSB4X depletion increased the perijunctional G/F-actin ratio and decreased G-actin incorporation into junctional actin networks, but it did not change the overall actin expression level or cellular F-actin content. A pharmacological treatment that increased the G/F-actin ratio and decreased actin polymerization mimicked the effects of Tmsb4x depletion on both AJs and PCP. Our results provide insights into the regulation of the actin pool and its involvement in AJ function and PCP establishment.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study8

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone8

In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  1. 01AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    Depletion of Tmsb4x in mouse embryos hindered eyelid closure because of planar cell polarity defects.

    In plain wordsIn mouse embryos, removing the Tmsb4x gene hindered eyelid closure.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseEyelid closure after Tmsb4x depletion
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Tmsb4x-depleted mouse embryos
    Outcome group
    Skin and hair · Skin and wound

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Depletion of Tmsb4x in mouse embryos hindered eyelid closure and hair-follicle angling owing to PCP defects.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  2. 02AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    Depletion of Tmsb4x in mouse embryos hindered hair-follicle angling because of planar cell polarity defects.

    In plain wordsIn mouse embryos, removing the Tmsb4x gene disturbed the angle of hair follicles.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseHair-follicle angling after Tmsb4x depletion
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Tmsb4x-depleted mouse embryos
    Outcome group
    Skin and hair · Skin and wound

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Depletion of Tmsb4x in mouse embryos hindered eyelid closure and hair-follicle angling owing to PCP defects.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  3. 03AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    Tmsb4x depletion did not preclude epidermal cell adhesion in vivo or in vitro.

    In plain wordsIn mice and cells, removing the Tmsb4x gene did not stop skin cells from sticking together.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    No significant changeEpidermal cell adhesion after Tmsb4x depletion
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Tmsb4x-depleted mouse embryos
    Outcome group
    Skin and hair · Skin and wound

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Tmsb4x depletion did not preclude epidermal cell adhesion in vivo or in vitro

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  4. 04AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    Tmsb4x depletion resulted in abnormal structural organization and stability of adherens junctions due to defects in F-actin and G-actin distribution.

    In plain wordsIn mice and cells, removing the Tmsb4x gene disturbed the structure and stability of cell junctions.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseAdherens junction organization and stability after Tmsb4x depletion
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Tmsb4x-depleted mouse embryos
    Outcome group
    Skin and hair · Skin and wound

    Source sentences

    Summary
    it resulted in abnormal structural organization and stability of adherens junction (AJ) due to defects in filamentous (F)-actin and G-actin distribution.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  5. 05LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In cultured keratinocytes, TMSB4X depletion increased the perijunctional G/F-actin ratio.

    In plain wordsIn cells, removing TMSB4X raised the ratio of free to filament actin near cell junctions.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreasePerijunctional G/F-actin ratio
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Cultured keratinocytes
    Outcome group
    Skin and hair · Skin and wound

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In cultured keratinocytes, TMSB4X depletion increased the perijunctional G/F-actin ratio

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  6. 06LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In cultured keratinocytes, TMSB4X depletion decreased G-actin incorporation into junctional actin networks.

    In plain wordsIn cells, removing TMSB4X reduced the building of free actin into the actin network at cell junctions.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseG-actin incorporation into junctional actin networks
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Cultured keratinocytes
    Outcome group
    Skin and hair · Skin and wound

    Source sentences

    Summary
    and decreased G-actin incorporation into junctional actin networks

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  7. 07LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In cultured keratinocytes, TMSB4X depletion did not change the overall actin expression level.

    In plain wordsIn cells, removing TMSB4X did not change the total amount of actin made.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    No significant changeOverall actin expression level
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Cultured keratinocytes
    Outcome group
    Skin and hair · Skin and wound

    Source sentences

    Summary
    but it did not change the overall actin expression level or cellular F-actin content.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  8. 08LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In cultured keratinocytes, TMSB4X depletion did not change cellular F-actin content.

    In plain wordsIn cells, removing TMSB4X did not change the amount of filament actin.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    No significant changeCellular F-actin content
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Cultured keratinocytes
    Outcome group
    Skin and hair · Skin and wound

    Source sentences

    Summary
    but it did not change the overall actin expression level or cellular F-actin content.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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