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Study · Measured the body's own peptide · 2021

3 results

Disease-specific plasma levels of mitokines FGF21, GDF15, and Humanin in type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease in comparison with healthy aging.

Conte M, Sabbatinelli J, Chiariello A, Martucci M, Santoro A, Monti D, Arcaro M, Galimberti D, Scarpini E, Bonfigli AR, Giuliani A, Olivieri F, Franceschi C, Salvioli S

GeroScience31 Oct 2020Cited by 72 (Europe PMC)

PMID33131010 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC8110619 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1007/s11357-020-00287-w (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-33131010
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Summary

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21), Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), and Humanin (HN) are mitochondrial stress-related mitokines, whose role in health and disease is still debated. In this study, we confirmed that their plasma levels are positively correlated with age in healthy subjects. However, when looking at patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or Alzheimer's disease (AD), two age-related diseases sharing a mitochondrial impairment, we found that GDF15 is elevated in T2D but not in AD and represents a risk factor for T2D complications, while FGF21 and HN are lower in AD but not in T2D. Moreover, FGF21 reaches the highest levels in centenarian' offspring, a model of successful aging. As a whole, these data indicate that (i) the adaptive mitokine response observed in healthy aging is lost in age-related diseases, (ii) a common expression pattern of mitokines does not emerge in T2D and AD, suggesting an unpredicted complexity and disease-specificity, and (iii) FGF21 emerges as a candidate marker of healthy aging.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study3

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured3

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 01HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    In healthy subjects, plasma humanin levels were positively correlated with age.

    In plain wordsIn healthy people, the body's own humanin level in blood was linked to older age.

    Peptide
    Humanin
    Outcome
    IncreasePlasma humanin and age in healthy subjects
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Aging markers · Aging and longevity

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In this study, we confirmed that their plasma levels are positively correlated with age in healthy subjects.

    This result measures the body's own Humanin. Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  2. 02HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    Plasma humanin was lower in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

    In plain wordsPeople with Alzheimer's disease had lower levels of the body's own humanin in blood.

    Peptide
    Humanin
    Outcome
    DecreasePlasma humanin in Alzheimer's disease
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    while FGF21 and HN are lower in AD but not in T2D.

    This result measures the body's own Humanin. Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  3. 03HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    Plasma humanin was not lower in patients with type 2 diabetes.

    In plain wordsPeople with type 2 diabetes did not have lower levels of the body's own humanin in blood.

    Peptide
    Humanin
    Outcome
    No significant changePlasma humanin in type 2 diabetes
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    while FGF21 and HN are lower in AD but not in T2D.

    This result measures the body's own Humanin. Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 21:44 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    13 Oct 2026, 16:31 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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