Chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogel for nasal delivery of exenatide: Effect of magnesium chloride.

Li Y, He J, Lyu X, Yuan Y, Wang G, Zhao B

International journal of pharmaceutics30 Oct 2018Cited by 19 (Europe PMC)

PMID30389472DOI10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.071PepBankPUB-30389472

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study9

6 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics
In rats, nasal magnesium chloride hydrogel increased target-organ exenatide distribution more than calcium chloride hydrogel.
In plain wordsIn rats, nasal magnesium chloride hydrogel increased exenatide distribution to target organs more than calcium chloride hydrogel.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseTarget-organ exenatide distribution
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Comparator
calcium chloride hydrogel
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Studied dose
Dose not stated · nasalAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
After nasal administration in the rats, the EXT/CS/GP/MgCl₂ hydrogel increased the distribution of EXT in the targeting organs and the relative bioavailability of EXT in the rats more than the EXT/CS/GP/CaCl₂ hydrogel.
Report a problemFND-3038947204
02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics
In rats, nasal magnesium chloride hydrogel increased relative exenatide bioavailability more than calcium chloride hydrogel.
In plain wordsIn rats, nasal magnesium chloride hydrogel increased relative exenatide bioavailability more than calcium chloride hydrogel.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseRelative exenatide bioavailability
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Comparator
calcium chloride hydrogel
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Studied dose
Dose not stated · nasalAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
After nasal administration in the rats, the EXT/CS/GP/MgCl₂ hydrogel increased the distribution of EXT in the targeting organs and the relative bioavailability of EXT in the rats more than the EXT/CS/GP/CaCl₂ hydrogel.
Report a problemFND-3038947205
03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In high-fat-fed rats, exenatide magnesium chloride hydrogel significantly reduced food intake versus exenatide solution within ten days.
In plain wordsIn rats fed a high-fat diet, exenatide magnesium chloride hydrogel reduced food intake more than exenatide solution.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseFood intake with magnesium chloride hydrogel
Study
ratn: not reported in source
high-fat-fed rats
Comparator
exenatide solution
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · nasal · within ten daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Moreover, both EXT/CS/GP/salt hydrogel formulation treatments in high-fat-fed rats significantly decreased food intake and body weight relative to the EXT solution within ten days (P < 0.05).
Report a problemFND-3038947206
04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In high-fat-fed rats, exenatide calcium chloride hydrogel significantly reduced food intake versus exenatide solution within ten days.
In plain wordsIn rats fed a high-fat diet, exenatide calcium chloride hydrogel reduced food intake more than exenatide solution.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseFood intake with calcium chloride hydrogel
Study
ratn: not reported in source
high-fat-fed rats
Comparator
exenatide solution
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · nasal · within ten daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Moreover, both EXT/CS/GP/salt hydrogel formulation treatments in high-fat-fed rats significantly decreased food intake and body weight relative to the EXT solution within ten days (P < 0.05).
Report a problemFND-3038947207
05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In high-fat-fed rats, exenatide magnesium chloride hydrogel significantly reduced body weight versus exenatide solution within ten days.
In plain wordsIn rats fed a high-fat diet, exenatide magnesium chloride hydrogel reduced weight more than exenatide solution.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight with magnesium chloride hydrogel
Study
ratn: not reported in source
high-fat-fed rats
Comparator
exenatide solution
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · nasal · within ten daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Moreover, both EXT/CS/GP/salt hydrogel formulation treatments in high-fat-fed rats significantly decreased food intake and body weight relative to the EXT solution within ten days (P < 0.05).
Report a problemFND-3038947208
06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In high-fat-fed rats, exenatide calcium chloride hydrogel significantly reduced body weight versus exenatide solution within ten days.
In plain wordsIn rats fed a high-fat diet, exenatide calcium chloride hydrogel reduced weight more than exenatide solution.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight with calcium chloride hydrogel
Study
ratn: not reported in source
high-fat-fed rats
Comparator
exenatide solution
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · nasal · within ten daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Moreover, both EXT/CS/GP/salt hydrogel formulation treatments in high-fat-fed rats significantly decreased food intake and body weight relative to the EXT solution within ten days (P < 0.05).
Report a problemFND-3038947209

Studies that did not test the peptide alone3

In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

07LabNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn vitro (cells)Pharmacokinetics
In Calu-3 monolayers, magnesium chloride hydrogel enhanced exenatide transport more than calcium chloride hydrogel.
In plain wordsIn cells, magnesium chloride hydrogel increased exenatide transport more than calcium chloride hydrogel.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseTransepithelial exenatide transport
Study
n: not reported in source
Calu-3 cell monolayers
Comparator
calcium chloride hydrogel
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
Transepithelial transport analysis showed that the CS/GP/MgCl₂ hydrogel enhanced EXT transport across the Calu-3 cell monolayers more than the CS/GP/CaCl₂ hydrogel (P < 0.05).
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-3038947203
08LabNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Pharmacokinetics
In vitro, magnesium chloride and calcium chloride chitosan hydrogels had similar exenatide release profiles.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, magnesium and calcium chloride hydrogels had similar exenatide release profiles.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeIn vitro exenatide release
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
calcium chloride hydrogel
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
Both of the EXT-loaded CS/glycerophosphate (GP)/CaCl₂ (EXT/CS/GP/CaCl₂) and EXT/CS/GP/MgCl₂ hydrogel systems had similar in vitro release profiles.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-3038947201
09LabNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In vitro, exenatide-loaded magnesium chloride hydrogel had a longer gelation time at 37 °C than calcium chloride hydrogel.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, exenatide-loaded magnesium chloride hydrogel took longer to gel than calcium chloride hydrogel.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseHydrogel gelation time
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
calcium chloride hydrogel
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Measurements
Gelation time
> 110 min
magnesium chloride hydrogel at 37 °C
Gelation time
8 to 20.4 min
calcium chloride hydrogel at 37 °C
Source sentences
Summary
The gelation time of the EXT/CS/GP/MgCl₂ hydrogel (more than 110 min) at 37 °C was much longer than that of the EXT/CS/GP/CaCl₂ hydrogel (8.0-20.4 min).
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-3038947202

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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