Exogenous Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Induces Resistance to Citrus Canker in Citrus.

Alferez FM, Gerberich KM, Li JL, Zhang Y, Graham JH, Mou Z

Frontiers in plant science9 Oct 2018Cited by 21 (Europe PMC)

PMID30356715PMCIDPMC6189366DOI10.3389/fpls.2018.01472PepBankPUB-30356715

Summary

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a universal electron carrier that participates in important intracellular metabolic reactions and signaling events. Interestingly, emerging evidence in animals indicates that cellular NAD can be actively or passively released into the extracellular space, where it is processed or perceived by ectoenzymes or cell-surface receptors. We have recently shown in Arabidopsis thaliana that exogenous NAD induces defense responses, that pathogen infection leads to release of NAD into the extracellular space at concentrations sufficient for defense activation, and that depletion of extracellular NAD (eNAD) by transgenic expression of the human NAD-hydrolyzing ectoenzyme CD38 inhibits plant immunity. We therefore hypothesize that, during plant-microbe interactions, NAD is released from dead or dying cells into the extracellular space where it interacts with adjacent naïve cells' surface receptors, which in turn activate downstream immune signaling. However, it is currently unknown whether eNAD signaling is unique to Arabidopsis or the Brassicaceae family. In this study, we treated citrus plants with exogenous NAD⁺ and tested NAD⁺-induced transcriptional changes and disease resistance. Our results show that NAD⁺ induces profound transcriptome changes and strong resistance to citrus canker, a serious citrus disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). Furthermore, NAD⁺-induced resistance persists in new flushes emerging after removal of the tissues previously treated with NAD⁺. Finally, NAD⁺ treatment primes citrus tissues, resulting in a faster and stronger induction of multiple salicylic acid pathway genes upon subsequent Xcc infection. Taken together, these results indicate that exogenous NAD⁺ is able to induce immune responses in citrus and suggest that eNAD may also be an elicitor in this woody plant species.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study4

4 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

01LabOther designMechanism
In citrus plants, exogenous NAD+ induced profound transcriptome changes.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, NAD+ changed gene expression in citrus plants.
Peptide
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Outcome
Direction not reportedTranscriptome changes
Study
Citrusn: not reported in source
citrus plants
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Our results show that NAD⁺ induces profound transcriptome changes and strong resistance to citrus canker, a serious citrus disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this study, we treated citrus plants with exogenous NAD⁺ and tested NAD⁺-induced transcriptional changes and disease resistance.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3035671501
02LabOther designEfficacy outcome
In citrus plants, NAD+ induced strong resistance to citrus canker.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, NAD+ increased citrus plants' resistance to citrus canker.
Peptide
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Outcome
IncreaseCitrus canker resistance
Study
Citrusn: not reported in source
citrus plants
Outcome group
Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Our results show that NAD⁺ induces profound transcriptome changes and strong resistance to citrus canker, a serious citrus disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this study, we treated citrus plants with exogenous NAD⁺ and tested NAD⁺-induced transcriptional changes and disease resistance.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3035671502
03LabOther designEfficacy outcome
In citrus plants, NAD+-induced resistance persisted in new flushes after removal of previously treated tissues.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, citrus resistance after NAD+ treatment persisted in new growth after treated tissues were removed.
Peptide
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Outcome
IncreaseResistance in new flushes
Study
Citrusn: not reported in source
citrus plants
Outcome group
Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Furthermore, NAD⁺-induced resistance persists in new flushes emerging after removal of the tissues previously treated with NAD⁺.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this study, we treated citrus plants with exogenous NAD⁺ and tested NAD⁺-induced transcriptional changes and disease resistance.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3035671503
04LabOther designMechanism
In citrus tissues, NAD+ priming produced faster and stronger salicylic acid pathway gene induction after Xcc infection.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, NAD+ priming increased the speed and strength of defense gene responses to infection in citrus tissues.
Peptide
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Outcome
IncreaseSalicylic acid pathway gene induction
Study
Citrusn: not reported in source
citrus plants
Outcome group
Immune response · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Finally, NAD⁺ treatment primes citrus tissues, resulting in a faster and stronger induction of multiple salicylic acid pathway genes upon subsequent Xcc infection.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this study, we treated citrus plants with exogenous NAD⁺ and tested NAD⁺-induced transcriptional changes and disease resistance.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3035671504

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
14 Oct 2026, 05:02 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
14 Oct 2026, 01:46 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

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