Combined Therapy with SS31 and Mitochondria Mitigates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats.

Lee FY, Shao PL, Wallace CG, Chua S, Sung PH, Ko SF, Chai HT, Chung SY, Chen KH, Lu HI, Chen YL, Huang TH, Sheu JJ, Yip HK

International journal of molecular sciences15 Sept 2018Cited by 58 (Europe PMC)

PMID30223594PMCIDPMC6164143DOI10.3390/ijms19092782PepBankPUB-30223594

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Summary

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury contributes to adverse cardiac outcomes after myocardial ischemia, cardiac surgery, or circulatory arrest. In this study, we evaluated the ability of combined SS31-mitochondria (Mito) therapy to protect heart cells from myocardial IR injury. Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria). In H9C2 cells, SS31 suppressed menadione-induced oxidative-stress markers (NOX-1, NOX-2, oxidized protein) while it increased SIRT1/SIRT3 expression and ATP levels. In adult male rats 72 h after IR, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was highest in sham-operated control animals and lowest in the IR group. LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone. Areas of fibrosis/collagen-deposition showed the opposite pattern. Likewise, levels of oxidative-stress markers (NOX-1, NOX-2, oxidized protein), inflammatory markers (MMP-9, CD11, IL-1β, TNF-α), apoptotic markers (mitochondrial-Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, PARP), fibrosis markers (p-Smad3, TGF-β), DNA-damage (γ-H2AX), sarcomere-length, and pressure/volume overload markers (BNP, β-MHC) all showed a pattern opposite that of LVEF. Conversely, anti-apoptotic (BMP-2, Smad1/5) and energy integrity (PGC-1α/mitochondrial cytochrome-C) markers exhibited a pattern identical to that of LVEF. This study demonstrates that the combined SS31-Mito therapy is superior to either therapy alone for protecting myocardium from IR injury and indicates that the responsible mechanisms involved increased SIRT1/SIRT3 expression, which suppresses inflammation and oxidative stress and protects mitochondrial integrity.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study18

6 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, combined SS31-Mito therapy gave a higher left ventricular ejection fraction than Mito alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave better heart pumping than mitochondria alone.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseLeft ventricular ejection fraction, SS31-Mito versus Mito alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
Mito alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
2 mg · intraperitoneal · 30 min, 24 h and 48 h after IR; assessed at 72 hAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359407
02LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In H9C2 cells, SS31 suppressed the menadione-induced oxidative-stress marker NOX-1.
In plain wordsIn heart cells, SS31 lowered the oxidative-stress marker NOX-1 caused by menadione.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreaseNOX-1 expression in H9C2 cells
Study
ratn: not reported in source
H9C2 cells with menadione-induced oxidative stress
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
In H9C2 cells, SS31 suppressed menadione-induced oxidative-stress markers (NOX-1, NOX-2, oxidized protein) while it increased SIRT1/SIRT3 expression and ATP levels.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359401
03LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In H9C2 cells, SS31 suppressed the menadione-induced oxidative-stress marker NOX-2.
In plain wordsIn heart cells, SS31 lowered the oxidative-stress marker NOX-2 caused by menadione.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreaseNOX-2 expression in H9C2 cells
Study
ratn: not reported in source
H9C2 cells with menadione-induced oxidative stress
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
In H9C2 cells, SS31 suppressed menadione-induced oxidative-stress markers (NOX-1, NOX-2, oxidized protein) while it increased SIRT1/SIRT3 expression and ATP levels.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359402
04LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In H9C2 cells, SS31 suppressed the menadione-induced oxidative-stress marker oxidized protein.
In plain wordsIn heart cells, SS31 lowered the level of oxidized protein caused by menadione.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreaseOxidized protein in H9C2 cells
Study
ratn: not reported in source
H9C2 cells with menadione-induced oxidative stress
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
In H9C2 cells, SS31 suppressed menadione-induced oxidative-stress markers (NOX-1, NOX-2, oxidized protein) while it increased SIRT1/SIRT3 expression and ATP levels.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359403
05LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In H9C2 cells, SS31 increased SIRT1 and SIRT3 expression.
In plain wordsIn heart cells, SS31 raised the levels of the proteins SIRT1 and SIRT3.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseSIRT1/SIRT3 expression in H9C2 cells
Study
ratn: not reported in source
H9C2 cells with menadione-induced oxidative stress
Outcome group
Mitochondrial function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
In H9C2 cells, SS31 suppressed menadione-induced oxidative-stress markers (NOX-1, NOX-2, oxidized protein) while it increased SIRT1/SIRT3 expression and ATP levels.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359404
06LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In H9C2 cells, SS31 increased ATP levels.
In plain wordsIn heart cells, SS31 raised ATP (cell energy) levels.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseATP level in H9C2 cells
Study
ratn: not reported in source
H9C2 cells with menadione-induced oxidative stress
Outcome group
Mitochondrial function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
In H9C2 cells, SS31 suppressed menadione-induced oxidative-stress markers (NOX-1, NOX-2, oxidized protein) while it increased SIRT1/SIRT3 expression and ATP levels.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359405

Studies that did not test the peptide alone12

In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).

07AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, combined SS31-Mito therapy gave a higher left ventricular ejection fraction than no treatment.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave better heart pumping than no treatment.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseLeft ventricular ejection fraction, SS31-Mito versus untreated IR
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
Untreated IR
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In adult male rats 72 h after IR, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was highest in sham-operated control animals and lowest in the IR group.
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359406
08AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, combined SS31-Mito therapy gave a higher left ventricular ejection fraction than SS31 alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave better heart pumping than SS31 alone.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseLeft ventricular ejection fraction, SS31-Mito versus SS31 alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
SS31 alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359408
09AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, areas of fibrosis and collagen deposition showed the opposite pattern to ejection fraction, so they were smaller with SS31-Mito.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave less scarring than the other IR groups.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreaseFibrosis and collagen deposition
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
Other IR groups (untreated, Mito alone, SS31 alone)
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Areas of fibrosis/collagen-deposition showed the opposite pattern.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359409
10AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxidative-stress markers showed a pattern opposite to ejection fraction, so they were lowest with SS31-Mito among the IR groups.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave lower oxidative-stress markers than the other IR groups.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreaseOxidative-stress markers (NOX-1, NOX-2, oxidized protein)
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
Other IR groups (untreated, Mito alone, SS31 alone)
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Likewise, levels of oxidative-stress markers (NOX-1, NOX-2, oxidized protein)
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
all showed a pattern opposite that of LVEF.
Summary · context
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359410
11AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory markers showed a pattern opposite to ejection fraction, so they were lowest with SS31-Mito among the IR groups.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave lower inflammation markers than the other IR groups.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreaseInflammatory markers (MMP-9, CD11, IL-1β, TNF-α)
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
Other IR groups (untreated, Mito alone, SS31 alone)
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
inflammatory markers (MMP-9, CD11, IL-1β, TNF-α)
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
all showed a pattern opposite that of LVEF.
Summary · context
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359411
12AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, apoptotic markers showed a pattern opposite to ejection fraction, so they were lowest with SS31-Mito among the IR groups.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave lower cell-death markers than the other IR groups.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreaseApoptotic markers (mitochondrial Bax, cleaved caspase-3, PARP)
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
Other IR groups (untreated, Mito alone, SS31 alone)
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
apoptotic markers (mitochondrial-Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, PARP)
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
all showed a pattern opposite that of LVEF.
Summary · context
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359412
13AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, fibrosis markers showed a pattern opposite to ejection fraction, so they were lowest with SS31-Mito among the IR groups.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave lower scarring markers than the other IR groups.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreaseFibrosis markers (p-Smad3, TGF-β)
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
Other IR groups (untreated, Mito alone, SS31 alone)
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
fibrosis markers (p-Smad3, TGF-β)
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
all showed a pattern opposite that of LVEF.
Summary · context
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359413
14AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, the DNA-damage marker showed a pattern opposite to ejection fraction, so it was lowest with SS31-Mito among the IR groups.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave a lower DNA-damage marker than the other IR groups.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreaseDNA damage (γ-H2AX)
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
Other IR groups (untreated, Mito alone, SS31 alone)
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
DNA-damage (γ-H2AX)
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
all showed a pattern opposite that of LVEF.
Summary · context
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359414
15AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, sarcomere length showed a pattern opposite to ejection fraction, so it was lowest with SS31-Mito among the IR groups.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave shorter sarcomere length than the other IR groups.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreaseSarcomere length
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
Other IR groups (untreated, Mito alone, SS31 alone)
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
sarcomere-length, and pressure/volume overload markers (BNP, β-MHC) all showed a pattern opposite that of LVEF.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
all showed a pattern opposite that of LVEF.
Summary · context
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359415
16AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, pressure and volume overload markers showed a pattern opposite to ejection fraction, so they were lowest with SS31-Mito among the IR groups.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave lower heart-strain markers than the other IR groups.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreasePressure/volume overload markers (BNP, β-MHC)
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
Other IR groups (untreated, Mito alone, SS31 alone)
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
pressure/volume overload markers (BNP, β-MHC)
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
all showed a pattern opposite that of LVEF.
Summary · context
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359416
17AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, anti-apoptotic markers followed the same pattern as ejection fraction, so they were highest with SS31-Mito among the IR groups.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave higher cell-protection markers than the other IR groups.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseAnti-apoptotic markers (BMP-2, Smad1/5)
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
Other IR groups (untreated, Mito alone, SS31 alone)
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Conversely, anti-apoptotic (BMP-2, Smad1/5) and energy integrity (PGC-1α/mitochondrial cytochrome-C) markers exhibited a pattern identical to that of LVEF.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359417
18AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, energy integrity markers followed the same pattern as ejection fraction, so they were highest with SS31-Mito among the IR groups.
In plain wordsIn rats with heart injury after blocked blood flow, SS31 plus mitochondria gave higher cell-energy markers than the other IR groups.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseEnergy integrity markers (PGC-1α, mitochondrial cytochrome c)
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Comparator
Other IR groups (untreated, Mito alone, SS31 alone)
Outcome group
Mitochondrial function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Conversely, anti-apoptotic (BMP-2, Smad1/5) and energy integrity (PGC-1α/mitochondrial cytochrome-C) markers exhibited a pattern identical to that of LVEF.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
LVEF was also higher in IR rats treated with SS31-Mito than untreated IR rats or those treated with Mito or SS31 alone.
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were randomized: group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IR, 30-min ischemia/72 h reperfusion), group 3 (IR-SS31 (2 mg intra-peritoneal injection at 30 min/24 h/48 h after IR)), group 4 (IR-mitochondria (2 mg/derived from donor liver/intra-venous administration/30 min after IR procedure)), and group 5 (IR-SS31-mitochondria).
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3022359418

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
9 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 02:47 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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