The use of low molecular weight protamine to enhance oral absorption of exenatide.

Zhang L, Shi Y, Song Y, Sun X, Zhang X, Sun K, Li Y

International journal of pharmaceutics23 May 2018Cited by 32 (Europe PMC)

PMID29800739DOI10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.055PepBankPUB-29800739

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study5

3 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In diabetic rats, functionalized exenatide nanoparticles produced a significant hypoglycemic effect.
In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, functionalized exenatide particles lowered blood glucose.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseBlood glucose
Study
ratn: not reported in source
diabetic rats
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Moreover, a significant hypoglycemic effect was observed in diabetic rats.
Report a problemFND-2980073903
02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics
In rats, oral functionalized exenatide nanoparticles had 7.44% relative bioavailability versus subcutaneous injection.
In plain wordsIn rats, oral functionalized exenatide particles had 7.44% relative bioavailability compared with injection.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
Not applicableRelative bioavailability versus subcutaneous injection
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Comparator
subcutaneous injection
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (rat).
Measurements
Relative bioavailability
7.44%
versus subcutaneous injection
Source sentences
Summary
The relative bioavailability of the orally administered functionalized NPs vs. subcutaneous injection was 7.44%, 29-fold that of the exenatide-Zn²⁺ solution group.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Moreover, a significant hypoglycemic effect was observed in diabetic rats.
Report a problemFND-2980073904
03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics
In rats, functionalized exenatide nanoparticles had relative bioavailability 29-fold that of exenatide-zinc solution.
In plain wordsIn rats, functionalized exenatide particles had 29-fold the relative bioavailability of exenatide-zinc solution.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseRelative bioavailability versus exenatide-zinc solution
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Comparator
exenatide-zinc solution
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (rat).
Measurements
Relative bioavailability ratio
29 fold
versus exenatide-zinc solution
Source sentences
Summary
The relative bioavailability of the orally administered functionalized NPs vs. subcutaneous injection was 7.44%, 29-fold that of the exenatide-Zn²⁺ solution group.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Moreover, a significant hypoglycemic effect was observed in diabetic rats.
Report a problemFND-2980073905

Studies that did not test the peptide alone2

In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

04LabNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn vitro (cells)Pharmacokinetics
In cell experiments, protamine-functionalized exenatide nanoparticles showed significantly improved uptake across intestinal epithelium.
In plain wordsIn cells, the functionalized exenatide particles showed improved uptake across intestinal epithelium.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseCell uptake
Study
n: not reported in source
intestinal epithelium
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
The functionalized NPs exhibited significantly improved penetration across the intestinal epithelium, as shown by cell uptake and transmembrane transport experiments.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2980073901
05LabNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn vitro (cells)Pharmacokinetics
In cell experiments, protamine-functionalized exenatide nanoparticles showed significantly improved transmembrane transport across intestinal epithelium.
In plain wordsIn cells, the functionalized exenatide particles showed improved transport across intestinal epithelium.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseTransmembrane transport
Study
n: not reported in source
intestinal epithelium
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
The functionalized NPs exhibited significantly improved penetration across the intestinal epithelium, as shown by cell uptake and transmembrane transport experiments.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2980073902

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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