Synthesis and Characterization of Injectable Hydrogels with Varying Collagen⁻Chitosan⁻Thymosin β4 Composition for Myocardial Infarction Therapy.

Shaghiera AD, Widiyanti P, Yusuf H

Journal of functional biomaterials30 Apr 2018Cited by 10 (Europe PMC)

PMID29710844PMCIDPMC6023318DOI10.3390/jfb9020033PepBankPUB-29710844

Summary

Thirty percent of global mortalities are caused by cardiovascular disease, and 54% of the aforementioned amount is instigated by ischemic heart disease that triggered myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction is due to blood flow cessation in certain coronary arteries that causes lack of oxygen (ischemia) and stimulates myocardial necrosis. One of the methods to treat myocardial infarction consists in injecting cells or active biomolecules and biomaterials into heart infarction locations. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of a collagen⁻chitosan-based hydrogel with variations in its chitosan composition. The prepared hydrogels contained thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a 43-amino acid peptide with angiogenic and cardioprotective properties which can act as a bioactive molecule for the treatment of myocardial infarction. A morphological structure analysis showed that the hydrogels lacked interconnecting pores. All samples were not toxic on the basis of a cytotoxicity test. A histopathological anatomy test showed that the collagen⁻chitosan⁻thymosin β4 hydrogels could stimulate angiogenesis and epicardial heart cell migration, as demonstrated by the evaluation of the number of blood vessels and the infiltration extent of myofibroblasts.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study4

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone4

In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

01AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneOther designEfficacy outcome
In a histopathological test, collagen-chitosan-Tβ4 hydrogels stimulated angiogenesis, shown by the number of blood vessels.
In plain wordsIn tissue tests, the Tβ4 hydrogels increased new blood vessel growth.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseAngiogenesis (number of blood vessels)
Study
n: not reported in source
histopathological test of hydrogels
Outcome group
Angiogenesis · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
A histopathological anatomy test showed that the collagen⁻chitosan⁻thymosin β4 hydrogels could stimulate angiogenesis and epicardial heart cell migration, as demonstrated by the evaluation of the number of blood vessels and the infiltration extent of myofibroblasts.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of a collagen⁻chitosan-based hydrogel with variations in its chitosan composition.
Summary · context
The prepared hydrogels contained thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a 43-amino acid peptide with angiogenic and cardioprotective properties which can act as a bioactive molecule for the treatment of myocardial infarction.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2971084403
02AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneOther designEfficacy outcome
In a histopathological test, collagen-chitosan-Tβ4 hydrogels stimulated epicardial heart cell migration, shown by the infiltration extent of myofibroblasts.
In plain wordsIn tissue tests, the Tβ4 hydrogels increased the movement of heart surface cells.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseEpicardial heart cell migration (myofibroblast infiltration)
Study
n: not reported in source
histopathological test of hydrogels
Outcome group
Angiogenesis · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
A histopathological anatomy test showed that the collagen⁻chitosan⁻thymosin β4 hydrogels could stimulate angiogenesis and epicardial heart cell migration, as demonstrated by the evaluation of the number of blood vessels and the infiltration extent of myofibroblasts.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of a collagen⁻chitosan-based hydrogel with variations in its chitosan composition.
Summary · context
The prepared hydrogels contained thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a 43-amino acid peptide with angiogenic and cardioprotective properties which can act as a bioactive molecule for the treatment of myocardial infarction.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2971084404
03LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Safety outcome
In a cytotoxicity test, all collagen-chitosan-Tβ4 hydrogel samples were not toxic.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, none of the Tβ4 hydrogel samples was toxic to cells.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
No significant changeCytotoxicity of hydrogels
Study
n: not reported in source
cytotoxicity test of hydrogel samples
Outcome group
Adverse events · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
All samples were not toxic on the basis of a cytotoxicity test.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of a collagen⁻chitosan-based hydrogel with variations in its chitosan composition.
Summary · context
The prepared hydrogels contained thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a 43-amino acid peptide with angiogenic and cardioprotective properties which can act as a bioactive molecule for the treatment of myocardial infarction.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2971084402
04LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In collagen-chitosan-Tβ4 hydrogels, morphological analysis showed that the hydrogels lacked interconnecting pores.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, the Tβ4 hydrogels had no connected pores.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableHydrogel pore structure
Study
n: not reported in source
collagen-chitosan-Tβ4 hydrogels
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
A morphological structure analysis showed that the hydrogels lacked interconnecting pores.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of a collagen⁻chitosan-based hydrogel with variations in its chitosan composition.
Summary · context
The prepared hydrogels contained thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a 43-amino acid peptide with angiogenic and cardioprotective properties which can act as a bioactive molecule for the treatment of myocardial infarction.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2971084401

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

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