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Study · Measured the body's own peptide · 2018

8 results

Tumor Progression Is Mediated by Thymosin-β4 through a TGFβ/MRTF Signaling Axis.

Morita T, Hayashi K

Molecular cancer research : MCR12 Jan 2018Cited by 39 (Europe PMC)

PMID29330296 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0715 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-29330296
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study8

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured5

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 01HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyMechanism

    In multiple human cancers, Tβ4 levels correlated positively with TGFβ1 and with tumor-associated gene expression levels.

    In plain wordsIn several human cancers, higher body's own Tβ4 levels were linked to higher TGFβ1 and tumor-associated gene levels.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 correlation with TGFβ1 and tumor-associated genes in human cancers
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Tumor growth · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In multiple human cancers, Tβ4 levels correlate positively with TGFβ1 and the tumor-associated gene expression levels through processes that respectively depend on TGFβ receptor 1 (TGFBR1) and MRTF expression.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  2. 02HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    In several cancers, high Tβ4 expression was associated with poor prognosis in an SRF expression-dependent manner.

    In plain wordsIn several cancers, high body's own Tβ4 expression was linked to a worse outlook, depending on SRF expression.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicablePrognosis by Tβ4 expression in cancers
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Cancer biomarkers and prognosis · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Kaplan-Meier survival analyses demonstrate that high Tβ4 expression associates with poor prognosis in an SRF expression-dependent manner in several cancers.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  3. 03LabEndogenous levelIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In cells, TGFβ increased the expression of the body's own Tβ4.

    In plain wordsIn cells, TGFβ raised the body's own Tβ4 expression.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseTβ4 expression after TGFβ
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Tumor growth · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Here, it is demonstrated that TGFβ facilitates Tβ4 expression and leads to the activation of myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTF), which are coactivators of serum response factor (SRF) and regulate the expression of genes critical for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor metastasis.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  4. 04LabEndogenous levelIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In murine mammary gland cells, Tβ4 levels were transcriptionally regulated through the cis-acting element AGACAAAG, which interacts with Smad and TCF/LEF downstream of TGFβ.

    In plain wordsIn mouse cells, the body's own Tβ4 gene was switched on by TGFβ through a specific DNA element.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 promoter regulation by Smad and TCF/LEF
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    murine mammary gland cells (NMuMG)
    Outcome group
    Tumor growth · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Tβ4 levels are transcriptionally regulated via the novel cis-acting element AGACAAAG, which interacts with Smad and T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) to synergistically activate the Tβ4 promoter downstream of TGFβ.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  5. 05LabEndogenous levelIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In murine skin melanoma cells, Tβ4 expression was regulated by Smad and TCF/LEF.

    In plain wordsIn mouse melanoma cells, Smad and TCF/LEF proteins controlled the body's own Tβ4 expression.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 expression regulation by Smad and TCF/LEF in melanoma cells
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    murine skin melanoma cells (B16F0 and B16F1)
    Outcome group
    Tumor growth · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Murine skin melanoma cells (B16F0 and B16F1) also show the expression regulation of Tβ4 by Smad and TCF/LEF.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone3

In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  1. 06AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In mice, Tβ4-knockout melanoma clones showed significantly decreased experimental metastatic potential.

    In plain wordsIn mice, melanoma cells without Tβ4 spread less than melanoma cells with Tβ4.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseExperimental metastatic potential in Tβ4 knockout clones
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Tβ4-knockout B16F1 clones in experimental metastasis
    Outcome group
    Cancer cell invasion and metastasis · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In mice, Tβ4 KO clones show significantly decreased experimental metastatic potential

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  2. 07LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In murine mammary gland cells, Tβ4 upregulation was required for full induction of a MRTF-regulated EMT gene expression program after TGFβ stimulation.

    In plain wordsIn mouse cells, a rise in the body's own Tβ4 was needed for the full EMT gene response to TGFβ.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseMRTF-regulated EMT gene expression after TGFβ
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    murine mammary gland cells (NMuMG)
    Outcome group
    Tumor growth · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In murine mammary gland cells (NMuMG), Tβ4 upregulation is required for full induction of a MRTF-regulated EMT gene expression program after TGFβ stimulation.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  3. 08LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In Tβ4-knockout B16F1 melanoma clones, the expression of tumor-associated genes regulated by the TGFβ/MRTF pathway was significantly diminished.

    In plain wordsIn mouse cells without Tβ4, tumor-associated genes were much less active.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseTumor-associated gene expression in Tβ4 knockout clones
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Tβ4-knockout B16F1 melanoma cell clones
    Outcome group
    Tumor growth · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Tβ4-knockout B16F1 (Tβ4 KO) clones show significantly diminished expression level of tumor-associated genes, which is regulated by the TGFβ/MRTFs pathway.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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