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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 2018

5 results

A vitamin B12 conjugate of exendin-4 improves glucose tolerance without associated nausea or hypophagia in rodents.

Mietlicki-Baase EG, Liberini CG, Workinger JL, Bonaccorso RL, Borner T, Reiner DJ, Koch-Laskowski K, McGrath LE, Lhamo R, Stein LM, De Jonghe BC, Holz GG, Roth CL, Doyle RP, Hayes MR

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism20 Feb 2018Cited by 29 (Europe PMC)

PMID29327400 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC5899935 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1111/dom.13222 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-29327400
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study5

2 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Safety outcome

    In male rats, unconjugated Ex4 produced malaise, whereas B12-Ex4 did not.

    In plain wordsIn rats, native exendin caused malaise, whereas its vitamin B12 conjugate did not.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    IncreaseMalaise
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Comparator
    B12-Ex4 conjugate
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    B12-Ex4 conjugate improves glucose tolerance, but does not elicit the malaise and anorexia produced by unconjugated Ex4.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We evaluated the effects of systemic B12-Ex4 and unconjugated Ex4 on food intake and body weight change, oral glucose tolerance and nausea/malaise in male rats, and on intraperitoneal glucose tolerance in mice.
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In male rats, unconjugated Ex4 produced anorexia, whereas B12-Ex4 did not.

    In plain wordsIn rats, native exendin caused appetite loss, whereas its vitamin B12 conjugate did not.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    IncreaseAnorexia
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Comparator
    B12-Ex4 conjugate
    Outcome group
    Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    B12-Ex4 conjugate improves glucose tolerance, but does not elicit the malaise and anorexia produced by unconjugated Ex4.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We evaluated the effects of systemic B12-Ex4 and unconjugated Ex4 on food intake and body weight change, oral glucose tolerance and nausea/malaise in male rats, and on intraperitoneal glucose tolerance in mice.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone3

In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

  1. 03AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rodents, the B12-Ex4 conjugate improved glucose tolerance.

    In plain wordsIn rodents, the vitamin B12-exendin conjugate improved glucose tolerance.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    IncreaseConjugate glucose tolerance
    Study

    rat and mousen: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    B12-Ex4 conjugate improves glucose tolerance, but does not elicit the malaise and anorexia produced by unconjugated Ex4.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We evaluated the effects of systemic B12-Ex4 and unconjugated Ex4 on food intake and body weight change, oral glucose tolerance and nausea/malaise in male rats, and on intraperitoneal glucose tolerance in mice.

    In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

  2. 04AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics

    In rats, fluorescein-Ex4 penetrated the brain, whereas Cy5-B12-Ex4 fluorescence was not observed centrally.

    In plain wordsIn rats, fluorescent exendin entered the brain, whereas the fluorescent vitamin B12-exendin conjugate was not detected there.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    MixedCNS penetration of fluorescent forms
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Fluorescein-Ex4
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    While Flex robustly penetrates into the brain (dorsal vagal complex, paraventricular hypothalamus), Cy5-B12 and Cy5-B12-Ex4 fluorescence were not observed centrally
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To evaluate whether differences in the profile of effects of B12-Ex4 vs unconjugated Ex4 are the result of altered CNS penetrance, rats received systemic injections of fluorescein-Ex4 (Flex), Cy5-B12 or Cy5-B12-Ex4 and brain penetrance was evaluated using confocal microscopy.
    Summary · context
    We evaluated the effects of systemic B12-Ex4 and unconjugated Ex4 on food intake and body weight change, oral glucose tolerance and nausea/malaise in male rats, and on intraperitoneal glucose tolerance in mice.

    In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

  3. 05AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In rodents, Cy5-B12-Ex4 colocalized with pancreatic insulin, suggesting possible direct pancreatic action.

    In plain wordsIn rodents, the fluorescent vitamin B12-exendin conjugate appeared with insulin in the pancreas, suggesting possible direct pancreatic action.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicablePancreatic insulin colocalization
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Endocrine and hormones

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Cy5-B12-Ex4 colocalizes with insulin in the pancreas, suggesting direct pancreatic action as a potential mechanism underlying the hypoglycaemic effects of B12-Ex4.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Uptake of systemically administered Cy5-B12-Ex4 in insulin-containing pancreatic beta cells was also examined.

    In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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