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Study · Non-randomized trial · 2018

18 results

The direct and indirect effects of kisspeptin-54 on granulosa lutein cell function.

Owens LA, Abbara A, Lerner A, O'floinn S, Christopoulos G, Khanjani S, Islam R, Hardy K, Hanyaloglu AC, Lavery SA, Dhillo WS, Franks S

Human reproduction (Oxford, England)1 Feb 2018Cited by 37 (Europe PMC)

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study18

18 results from studies that gave the peptide. 16 results from people.

  1. 01HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, granulosa lutein cells from kisspeptin‑54 triggered women had 14-fold higher FSHR expression than cells from hCG triggered women.

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, ovarian cells after a kisspeptin‑54 trigger had much higher FSH receptor gene activity than after hCG.

    Outcome
    IncreaseFSHR expression in granulosa lutein cells versus hCG trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    hCG trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    GL cells from women who had received kisspeptin-54 had a 14-fold and 8-fold higher gene expression of FSHR and a 2-fold (ns) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher expression of LHCGR than GL cells from women who had received hCG or GnRH agonist, respectively.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  2. 02HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, granulosa lutein cells from kisspeptin‑54 triggered women had 8-fold higher FSHR expression than cells from GnRH agonist triggered women.

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, ovarian cells after a kisspeptin‑54 trigger had higher FSH receptor gene activity than after a GnRH agonist.

    Outcome
    IncreaseFSHR expression in granulosa lutein cells versus GnRH agonist trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    GnRH agonist trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    GL cells from women who had received kisspeptin-54 had a 14-fold and 8-fold higher gene expression of FSHR and a 2-fold (ns) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher expression of LHCGR than GL cells from women who had received hCG or GnRH agonist, respectively.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  3. 03HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, LHCGR expression in granulosa lutein cells was 2-fold higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after hCG, which was not significant.

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, LH receptor gene activity after kisspeptin‑54 was not clearly different from after hCG.

    Outcome
    No significant changeLHCGR expression in granulosa lutein cells versus hCG trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    hCG trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    GL cells from women who had received kisspeptin-54 had a 14-fold and 8-fold higher gene expression of FSHR and a 2-fold (ns) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher expression of LHCGR than GL cells from women who had received hCG or GnRH agonist, respectively.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  4. 04HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, LHCGR expression in granulosa lutein cells was 2.5-fold higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist (P < 0.05).

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, LH receptor gene activity was higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist.

    Outcome
    IncreaseLHCGR expression in granulosa lutein cells versus GnRH agonist trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    GnRH agonist trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    GL cells from women who had received kisspeptin-54 had a 14-fold and 8-fold higher gene expression of FSHR and a 2-fold (ns) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher expression of LHCGR than GL cells from women who had received hCG or GnRH agonist, respectively.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  5. 05HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, CYP19A1 expression in granulosa lutein cells was 3.6-fold higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after hCG (P < 0.05).

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, the aromatase gene was more active after kisspeptin‑54 than after hCG.

    Outcome
    IncreaseCYP19A1 expression versus hCG trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    hCG trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    CYP19A1 expression was 3.6-fold (P < 0.05) and 4.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher, STAR expression was 3.4-fold (P < 0.01) and 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) higher, HSD3B2 expression was 7.5- (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold higher (P < 0.05), INHBA was 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) higher in GL cells from women…
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  6. 06HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, CYP19A1 expression in granulosa lutein cells was 4.5-fold higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist (P < 0.05).

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, the aromatase gene was more active after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist.

    Outcome
    IncreaseCYP19A1 expression versus GnRH agonist trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    GnRH agonist trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    CYP19A1 expression was 3.6-fold (P < 0.05) and 4.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher, STAR expression was 3.4-fold (P < 0.01) and 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) higher, HSD3B2 expression was 7.5- (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold higher (P < 0.05), INHBA was 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) higher in GL cells from women…
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  7. 07HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, STAR expression in granulosa lutein cells was 3.4-fold higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after hCG (P < 0.01).

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, the STAR gene was more active after kisspeptin‑54 than after hCG.

    Outcome
    IncreaseSTAR expression versus hCG trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    hCG trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    CYP19A1 expression was 3.6-fold (P < 0.05) and 4.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher, STAR expression was 3.4-fold (P < 0.01) and 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) higher, HSD3B2 expression was 7.5- (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold higher (P < 0.05), INHBA was 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) higher in GL cells from women…
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  8. 08HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, STAR expression in granulosa lutein cells was 1.8-fold higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist (P < 0.05).

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, the STAR gene was more active after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist.

    Outcome
    IncreaseSTAR expression versus GnRH agonist trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    GnRH agonist trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    CYP19A1 expression was 3.6-fold (P < 0.05) and 4.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher, STAR expression was 3.4-fold (P < 0.01) and 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) higher, HSD3B2 expression was 7.5- (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold higher (P < 0.05), INHBA was 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) higher in GL cells from women…
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  9. 09HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, HSD3B2 expression in granulosa lutein cells was 7.5-fold higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after hCG (P < 0.01).

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, the HSD3B2 gene was more active after kisspeptin‑54 than after hCG.

    Outcome
    IncreaseHSD3B2 expression versus hCG trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    hCG trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    CYP19A1 expression was 3.6-fold (P < 0.05) and 4.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher, STAR expression was 3.4-fold (P < 0.01) and 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) higher, HSD3B2 expression was 7.5- (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold higher (P < 0.05), INHBA was 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) higher in GL cells from women…
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  10. 10HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, HSD3B2 expression in granulosa lutein cells was 2.5-fold higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist (P < 0.05).

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, the HSD3B2 gene was more active after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist.

    Outcome
    IncreaseHSD3B2 expression versus GnRH agonist trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    GnRH agonist trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    CYP19A1 expression was 3.6-fold (P < 0.05) and 4.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher, STAR expression was 3.4-fold (P < 0.01) and 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) higher, HSD3B2 expression was 7.5- (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold higher (P < 0.05), INHBA was 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) higher in GL cells from women…
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  11. 11HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, INHBA expression in granulosa lutein cells was 2.5-fold higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after hCG (P < 0.01).

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, the inhibin A gene was more active after kisspeptin‑54 than after hCG.

    Outcome
    IncreaseINHBA expression versus hCG trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    hCG trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    CYP19A1 expression was 3.6-fold (P < 0.05) and 4.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher, STAR expression was 3.4-fold (P < 0.01) and 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) higher, HSD3B2 expression was 7.5- (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold higher (P < 0.05), INHBA was 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) higher in GL cells from women…
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  12. 12HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, INHBA expression in granulosa lutein cells was 2.5-fold higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist (P < 0.01).

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, the inhibin A gene was more active after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist.

    Outcome
    IncreaseINHBA expression versus GnRH agonist trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    GnRH agonist trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    CYP19A1 expression was 3.6-fold (P < 0.05) and 4.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher, STAR expression was 3.4-fold (P < 0.01) and 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) higher, HSD3B2 expression was 7.5- (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold higher (P < 0.05), INHBA was 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold (P < 0.01) higher in GL cells from women…
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  13. 13HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, ESR1 expression in granulosa lutein cells was 3-fold higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist (P < 0.05).

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, the estrogen receptor alpha gene was more active after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist.

    Outcome
    IncreaseESR1 expression versus GnRH agonist trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    GnRH agonist trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    ESR1 (P < 0.05) and ESR2 (P < 0.05) both showed 3-fold higher expression in cells from kisspeptin treated than GnRHa treated women.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  14. 14HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, ESR2 expression in granulosa lutein cells was 3-fold higher after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist (P < 0.05).

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, the estrogen receptor beta gene was more active after kisspeptin‑54 than after a GnRH agonist.

    Outcome
    IncreaseESR2 expression versus GnRH agonist trigger
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    GnRH agonist trigger
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    ESR1 (P < 0.05) and ESR2 (P < 0.05) both showed 3-fold higher expression in cells from kisspeptin treated than GnRHa treated women.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  15. 15HumanNon-randomized trialSafety outcome

    In women undergoing IVF, markers of vascular permeability and oocyte growth factors in granulosa lutein cells were unchanged after kisspeptin‑54 triggering.

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, markers linked to ovarian overstimulation did not change after kisspeptin‑54.

    Outcome
    No significant changeVascular permeability markers and oocyte growth factors
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Markers of vascular permeability and oocyte growth factors were unchanged (VEGFA, SERPINF1, CDH5, amphiregulin, epiregulin).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  16. 16HumanNon-randomized trialMechanism

    In women undergoing IVF, kisspeptin receptor gene expression in granulosa lutein cells was unchanged after kisspeptin‑54 triggering.

    In plain wordsIn women having IVF, activity of the kisspeptin receptor gene did not change after kisspeptin‑54.

    Outcome
    No significant changeKisspeptin receptor gene expression
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    9.6 nmol/kg, one injection or two injections 10 h apartAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Gene expression of kisspeptin receptor was unchanged.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation.
    Summary · context
    In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).
  17. 17LabIn vitro (cells)Safety outcome

    In cultured human granulosa lutein cells, kisspeptin‑54 had no significant direct effect on OHSS genes.

    In plain wordsIn cells in the lab, kisspeptin‑54 did not directly change genes linked to ovarian overstimulation.

    Outcome
    No significant changeOHSS gene expression in cultured granulosa lutein cells
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Cultured human granulosa lutein cells
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Whereas treating GL cells in vitro with hCG induced steroidogenic gene expression, kisspeptin-54 had no significant direct effects on either OHSS genes or steroidogenic genes.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    GL cells were isolated and either RNA extracted immediately or cultured in vitro ± kisspeptin or hCG.
  18. 18LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In cultured human granulosa lutein cells, kisspeptin‑54 had no significant direct effect on steroidogenic genes, whereas hCG induced them.

    In plain wordsIn cells in the lab, kisspeptin‑54 did not directly change hormone-making genes, while hCG did.

    Outcome
    No significant changeSteroidogenic gene expression in cultured granulosa lutein cells
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Cultured human granulosa lutein cells
    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Whereas treating GL cells in vitro with hCG induced steroidogenic gene expression, kisspeptin-54 had no significant direct effects on either OHSS genes or steroidogenic genes.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    GL cells were isolated and either RNA extracted immediately or cultured in vitro ± kisspeptin or hCG.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 completed · 1 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

CompletedPhase 2Results postedNCT01667406

The Use of the Hormone Kisspeptin in 'in Vitro Fertilisation' (IVF) Treatment

Imperial College Londonn = 1751 Jun 2012 to 11 Oct 2016

Infertility

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 21:44 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    13 Oct 2026, 16:31 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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