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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 2018

15 results

Brain GLP-1/IGF-1 Signaling and Autophagy Mediate Exendin-4 Protection Against Apoptosis in Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

Candeias E, Sebastião I, Cardoso S, Carvalho C, Santos MS, Oliveira CR, Moreira PI, Duarte AI

Molecular neurobiology2 Jun 2017Cited by 76 (Europe PMC)

PMID28573460 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1007/s12035-017-0622-3 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-28573460
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study15

15 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In diabetic GK rats, exendin‑4 attenuated hyperglycemia.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 reduced high blood glucose.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    DecreaseHyperglycemia
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Chronic Ex-4 treatment attenuated peripheral features of T2D in GK rats, including hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In diabetic GK rats, exendin‑4 attenuated insulin resistance.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 reduced insulin resistance.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    DecreaseInsulin resistance
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Chronic Ex-4 treatment attenuated peripheral features of T2D in GK rats, including hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  3. 03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic GK rats, exendin‑4 increased brain cortical GLP-1 levels.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 increased brain GLP-1 levels.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    IncreaseBrain cortical GLP-1
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, s.c. Ex-4 enhanced their brain cortical GLP-1 and IGF-1 levels, and subsequent signaling pathways.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  4. 04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic GK rats, exendin‑4 increased brain cortical IGF-1 levels.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 increased brain IGF-1 levels.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    IncreaseBrain cortical IGF-1
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Growth hormone and IGF-1 · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, s.c. Ex-4 enhanced their brain cortical GLP-1 and IGF-1 levels, and subsequent signaling pathways.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  5. 05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic rat brains, exendin‑4 stimulated PKA signaling.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 increased brain PKA signaling.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    IncreasePKA signaling
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Specifically, Ex-4 stimulated protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, increasing cGMP and AMPK levels, and decreasing GSK3β and JNK activation in T2D rat brains.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  6. 06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic rat brains, exendin‑4 stimulated PI3K/Akt signaling.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 increased brain PI3K/Akt signaling.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    IncreasePI3K/Akt signaling
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Specifically, Ex-4 stimulated protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, increasing cGMP and AMPK levels, and decreasing GSK3β and JNK activation in T2D rat brains.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  7. 07AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic rat brains, exendin‑4 increased cGMP levels.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 increased brain cGMP levels.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    IncreasecGMP levels
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Specifically, Ex-4 stimulated protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, increasing cGMP and AMPK levels, and decreasing GSK3β and JNK activation in T2D rat brains.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  8. 08AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic rat brains, exendin‑4 increased AMPK levels.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 increased brain AMPK levels.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    IncreaseAMPK levels
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Specifically, Ex-4 stimulated protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, increasing cGMP and AMPK levels, and decreasing GSK3β and JNK activation in T2D rat brains.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  9. 09AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic rat brains, exendin‑4 decreased GSK3β activation.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 reduced brain GSK3β activation.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    DecreaseGSK3β activation
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Specifically, Ex-4 stimulated protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, increasing cGMP and AMPK levels, and decreasing GSK3β and JNK activation in T2D rat brains.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  10. 10AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic rat brains, exendin‑4 decreased JNK activation.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 reduced brain JNK activation.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    DecreaseJNK activation
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Specifically, Ex-4 stimulated protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, increasing cGMP and AMPK levels, and decreasing GSK3β and JNK activation in T2D rat brains.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  11. 11AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic GK rat brains, exendin‑4 regulated several autophagy markers without specifying their individual directions.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 changed several brain autophagy markers, but their individual directions were not stated.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedAutophagy markers
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Moreover, Ex-4 regulated several markers for autophagy in GK rat brains (as mTOR, PI3K class III, LC3 II, Atg7, p62, LAMP-1, and Parkin), ultimately protecting against apoptosis (by decreasing several caspase-like activities and mitochondrial cytochrome c, and increasing Bcl2 levels upon T2D).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  12. 12AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic GK rat brains, exendin‑4 protected against apoptosis.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 protected against brain cell apoptosis.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    DecreaseApoptosis
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Moreover, Ex-4 regulated several markers for autophagy in GK rat brains (as mTOR, PI3K class III, LC3 II, Atg7, p62, LAMP-1, and Parkin), ultimately protecting against apoptosis (by decreasing several caspase-like activities and mitochondrial cytochrome c, and increasing Bcl2 levels upon T2D).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  13. 13AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic GK rat brains, exendin‑4 decreased several caspase-like activities.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 reduced several brain caspase-like activities.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    DecreaseCaspase-like activities
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Moreover, Ex-4 regulated several markers for autophagy in GK rat brains (as mTOR, PI3K class III, LC3 II, Atg7, p62, LAMP-1, and Parkin), ultimately protecting against apoptosis (by decreasing several caspase-like activities and mitochondrial cytochrome c, and increasing Bcl2 levels upon T2D).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  14. 14AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic GK rat brains, exendin‑4 decreased mitochondrial cytochrome c.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 reduced brain mitochondrial cytochrome c.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    DecreaseMitochondrial cytochrome c
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Moreover, Ex-4 regulated several markers for autophagy in GK rat brains (as mTOR, PI3K class III, LC3 II, Atg7, p62, LAMP-1, and Parkin), ultimately protecting against apoptosis (by decreasing several caspase-like activities and mitochondrial cytochrome c, and increasing Bcl2 levels upon T2D).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).
  15. 15AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In diabetic GK rat brains, exendin‑4 increased Bcl2 levels.

    In plain wordsIn rats with diabetes, exendin‑4 increased brain Bcl2 levels.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    IncreaseBcl2 levels
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Male Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    5 μg/kg/day · subcutaneous infusion · 28 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Moreover, Ex-4 regulated several markers for autophagy in GK rat brains (as mTOR, PI3K class III, LC3 II, Atg7, p62, LAMP-1, and Parkin), ultimately protecting against apoptosis (by decreasing several caspase-like activities and mitochondrial cytochrome c, and increasing Bcl2 levels upon T2D).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats.
    Summary · context
    Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h).

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Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

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