Acute effects of glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1_{9-36 amide}, and exenatide on mesenteric blood flow, cardiovascular parameters, and biomarkers in healthy volunteers.

Bremholm L, Andersen UB, Hornum M, Hilsted L, Veedfald S, Hartmann B, Holst JJ

Physiological reports1 Feb 2017Cited by 13 (Europe PMC)

PMID28235974PMCIDPMC5328764DOI10.14814/phy2.13102PepBankPUB-28235974

Summary

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1, GLP-1_7-36amide) and its sister peptide glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) influence numerous intestinal functions and GLP-2 greatly increases intestinal blood flow. We hypothesized that GLP-1 also stimulates intestinal blood flow and that this would impact on the overall digestive and cardiovascular effects of the hormone. To investigate the influence of GLP-1 receptor agonism on mesenteric and renal blood flow and cardiovascular parameters, we carried out a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. A total of eight healthy volunteers received high physiological subcutaneous injections of GLP-1, GLP-1_{9-36 amide} (bioactive metabolite), exenatide (stable GLP-1 agonist), or saline on four separate days. Blood flow in mesenteric, celiac, and renal arteries was measured by Doppler ultrasound. Blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and stroke volume were measured continuously using an integrated system. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, GLP-1 (intact and total), exenatide and Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and serum for insulin and C-peptide. Neither GLP-1, GLP-1_{9-36 amide}, exenatide nor saline elicited any changes in blood flow parameters in the mesenteric or renal arteries. GLP-1 significantly increased heart rate (two-way ANOVA, injection [P = 0.0162], time [P = 0.0038], and injection × time [P = 0.082]; Tukey post hoc GLP-1 vs. saline and GLP-1_9-36amide [P 9-36 amide and saline. Blood pressures were not affected. As expected, glucose levels fell and insulin secretion increased after infusion of both GLP-1 and exenatide.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study5

5 results from studies that gave the peptide. 5 results from people.

01HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In healthy volunteers, exenatide did not change mesenteric arterial blood flow.
In plain wordsIn healthy volunteers, exenatide did not change blood flow in mesenteric arteries.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeMesenteric arterial blood flow
Study
n = 8
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Neither GLP-1, GLP-1_{9-36 amide}, exenatide nor saline elicited any changes in blood flow parameters in the mesenteric or renal arteries.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of eight healthy volunteers received high physiological subcutaneous injections of GLP-1, GLP-1_{9-36 amide} (bioactive metabolite), exenatide (stable GLP-1 agonist), or saline on four separate days.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2823597401
02HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In healthy volunteers, exenatide did not change renal arterial blood flow.
In plain wordsIn healthy volunteers, exenatide did not change blood flow in kidney arteries.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeRenal arterial blood flow
Study
n = 8
Outcome group
Kidney function · Kidney and urinary
Studied dose
Dose not stated · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Neither GLP-1, GLP-1_{9-36 amide}, exenatide nor saline elicited any changes in blood flow parameters in the mesenteric or renal arteries.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of eight healthy volunteers received high physiological subcutaneous injections of GLP-1, GLP-1_{9-36 amide} (bioactive metabolite), exenatide (stable GLP-1 agonist), or saline on four separate days.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2823597402
03HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In healthy volunteers, blood pressures were not affected during the study of exenatide and other injections.
In plain wordsIn healthy volunteers, blood pressures did not change during the study of exenatide and other injections.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeBlood pressure
Study
n = 8
Outcome group
Blood pressure · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Blood pressures were not affected.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of eight healthy volunteers received high physiological subcutaneous injections of GLP-1, GLP-1_{9-36 amide} (bioactive metabolite), exenatide (stable GLP-1 agonist), or saline on four separate days.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2823597403
04HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In healthy volunteers, glucose levels fell after exenatide.
In plain wordsIn healthy volunteers, glucose levels fell after exenatide.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseGlucose levels
Study
n = 8
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
As expected, glucose levels fell and insulin secretion increased after infusion of both GLP-1 and exenatide.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of eight healthy volunteers received high physiological subcutaneous injections of GLP-1, GLP-1_{9-36 amide} (bioactive metabolite), exenatide (stable GLP-1 agonist), or saline on four separate days.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2823597404
05HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In healthy volunteers, insulin secretion increased after exenatide.
In plain wordsIn healthy volunteers, insulin secretion increased after exenatide.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseInsulin secretion
Study
n = 8
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
As expected, glucose levels fell and insulin secretion increased after infusion of both GLP-1 and exenatide.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of eight healthy volunteers received high physiological subcutaneous injections of GLP-1, GLP-1_{9-36 amide} (bioactive metabolite), exenatide (stable GLP-1 agonist), or saline on four separate days.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2823597405

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 ongoing · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

RecruitingNot applicableNCT07019519

POTS-FLOW: Interplay Between Gut Hormones and Autonomic Postprandial Blood Flow Regulation in Patients With POTS

University of Copenhagenn = 3015 Mar 2025 to est. 30 Sept 2026

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) · Healthy

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 13 Jun 2025

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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