The cardioprotective effect of melatonin and exendin-4 treatment in a rat model of cardiorenal syndrome.

Chua S, Lee FY, Chiang HJ, Chen KH, Lu HI, Chen YT, Yang CC, Lin KC, Chen YL, Kao GS, Chen CH, Chang HW, Yip HK

Journal of pineal research26 Sept 2016Cited by 78 (Europe PMC)

PMID27465663DOI10.1111/jpi.12357PepBankPUB-27465663

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Summary

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Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study74

40 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 increased left ventricular ejection fraction compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 increased the heart's pumping fraction compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseLeft ventricular ejection fraction
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566301
02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 reduced left ventricular chamber size compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 reduced heart chamber size compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseLeft ventricular chamber size
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566302
03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 reduced cardiac histopathology scores compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 reduced heart tissue damage scores compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseHistopathology score
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566303
04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher ejection fraction than melatonin.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced a higher heart pumping fraction than melatonin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseLeft ventricular ejection fraction versus melatonin
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Melatonin
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566304
05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced smaller left ventricular chambers than melatonin.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced smaller heart chambers than melatonin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseLeft ventricular chamber size versus melatonin
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Melatonin
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566305
06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower cardiac histopathology scores than melatonin.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower heart tissue damage scores than melatonin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseHistopathology score versus melatonin
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Melatonin
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566306
07AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, adding exendin‑4 to melatonin increased ejection fraction compared with melatonin alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, adding exendin‑4 increased heart pumping fraction compared with melatonin alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseEjection fraction with adjunctive exendin-4
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Melatonin alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566307
08AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, adding exendin‑4 to melatonin reduced chamber size compared with melatonin alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, adding exendin‑4 reduced heart chamber size compared with melatonin alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseChamber size with adjunctive exendin-4
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Melatonin alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566308
09AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, adding exendin‑4 reduced cardiac histopathology scores compared with melatonin alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, adding exendin‑4 reduced heart tissue damage scores compared with melatonin alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseHistopathology with adjunctive exendin-4
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Melatonin alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566309
10AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 lowered plasma creatinine compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 lowered blood creatinine compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreasePlasma creatinine
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Kidney function · Kidney and urinary
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Plasma creatinine level was highest in the CRS and lowest in the SC and progressively decreased from the CRS-Mel, CRS-Ex4, CRS-Mel-Ex4 to DCM (P<.0001).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566310
11AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower plasma creatinine than melatonin.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower blood creatinine than melatonin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreasePlasma creatinine versus melatonin
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Melatonin
Outcome group
Kidney function · Kidney and urinary
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Plasma creatinine level was highest in the CRS and lowest in the SC and progressively decreased from the CRS-Mel, CRS-Ex4, CRS-Mel-Ex4 to DCM (P<.0001).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566311
12AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, adding exendin‑4 lowered plasma creatinine compared with melatonin alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, adding exendin‑4 lowered blood creatinine compared with melatonin alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseCreatinine with adjunctive exendin-4
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Melatonin alone
Outcome group
Kidney function · Kidney and urinary
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Plasma creatinine level was highest in the CRS and lowest in the SC and progressively decreased from the CRS-Mel, CRS-Ex4, CRS-Mel-Ex4 to DCM (P<.0001).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566312
13AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, myocardial protein biomarker panels were lower with exendin‑4 than untreated disease, following the inverse ejection-fraction pattern.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, heart protein biomarker panels were lower with exendin‑4 than untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial protein biomarker panels
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Protein expressions of inflammation (TNF-α/NF-κB/MMP-2/MMP-9/IL-1β), apoptosis/DNA damage (Bax/c-caspase-3/c-PARP/γ-H2AX), fibrosis (Smad3/TGF-β), oxidative stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/NOX-4/oxidized protein),
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
cardiac hypertrophy/pressure overload (BNP/β-MHC), and cardiac integrity (Cx43/α-MHC) biomarkers in LV myocardium showed an opposite pattern compared to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566313
14AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 reduced myocardial fibrotic area compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 reduced heart scarring compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial fibrotic area
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566314
15AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 reduced myocardial DNA damage biomarkers compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 reduced heart DNA damage markers compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial DNA damage biomarker panel
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566315
16AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 reduced myocardial inflammation biomarkers compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 reduced heart inflammation markers compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial inflammation biomarker panel
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/d · 60 daysAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566316
17AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial protein biomarker panels than melatonin.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial protein biomarker panels than melatonin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial protein biomarker panels versus melatonin
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
melatonin
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Protein expressions of inflammation (TNF-α/NF-κB/MMP-2/MMP-9/IL-1β), apoptosis/DNA damage (Bax/c-caspase-3/c-PARP/γ-H2AX), fibrosis (Smad3/TGF-β), oxidative stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/NOX-4/oxidized protein),
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
cardiac hypertrophy/pressure overload (BNP/β-MHC), and cardiac integrity (Cx43/α-MHC) biomarkers in LV myocardium showed an opposite pattern compared to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566327
18AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial fibrotic area than melatonin.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial fibrotic area than melatonin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial fibrotic area versus melatonin
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
melatonin
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566328
19AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial dna damage biomarkers than melatonin.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial dna damage biomarkers than melatonin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial DNA damage biomarkers versus melatonin
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
melatonin
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566329
20AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial inflammation biomarkers than melatonin.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial inflammation biomarkers than melatonin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial inflammation biomarkers versus melatonin
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
melatonin
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566330
21AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher left ventricular ejection fraction than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher left ventricular ejection fraction than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseLeft ventricular ejection fraction versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566331
22AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower left ventricular chamber size than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower left ventricular chamber size than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseLeft ventricular chamber size versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566332
23AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower cardiac histopathology score than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower cardiac histopathology score than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseCardiac histopathology score versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566333
24AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower plasma creatinine than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower plasma creatinine than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreasePlasma creatinine versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Kidney function · Kidney and urinary
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Plasma creatinine level was highest in the CRS and lowest in the SC and progressively decreased from the CRS-Mel, CRS-Ex4, CRS-Mel-Ex4 to DCM (P<.0001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566334
25AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial protein biomarker panels than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial protein biomarker panels than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial protein biomarker panels versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Protein expressions of inflammation (TNF-α/NF-κB/MMP-2/MMP-9/IL-1β), apoptosis/DNA damage (Bax/c-caspase-3/c-PARP/γ-H2AX), fibrosis (Smad3/TGF-β), oxidative stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/NOX-4/oxidized protein),
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
cardiac hypertrophy/pressure overload (BNP/β-MHC), and cardiac integrity (Cx43/α-MHC) biomarkers in LV myocardium showed an opposite pattern compared to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566335
26AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial fibrotic area than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial fibrotic area than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial fibrotic area versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566336
27AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial dna damage biomarkers than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial dna damage biomarkers than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial DNA damage biomarkers versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566337
28AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial inflammation biomarkers than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial inflammation biomarkers than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial inflammation biomarkers versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566338
29AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower left ventricular ejection fraction than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced lower left ventricular ejection fraction than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseLeft ventricular ejection fraction versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566339
30AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher left ventricular chamber size than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher left ventricular chamber size than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseLeft ventricular chamber size versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566340
31AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher cardiac histopathology score than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher cardiac histopathology score than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseCardiac histopathology score versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566341
32AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher plasma creatinine than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher plasma creatinine than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreasePlasma creatinine versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Kidney function · Kidney and urinary
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Plasma creatinine level was highest in the CRS and lowest in the SC and progressively decreased from the CRS-Mel, CRS-Ex4, CRS-Mel-Ex4 to DCM (P<.0001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566342
33AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial protein biomarker panels than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial protein biomarker panels than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseMyocardial protein biomarker panels versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Protein expressions of inflammation (TNF-α/NF-κB/MMP-2/MMP-9/IL-1β), apoptosis/DNA damage (Bax/c-caspase-3/c-PARP/γ-H2AX), fibrosis (Smad3/TGF-β), oxidative stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/NOX-4/oxidized protein),
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
cardiac hypertrophy/pressure overload (BNP/β-MHC), and cardiac integrity (Cx43/α-MHC) biomarkers in LV myocardium showed an opposite pattern compared to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566343
34AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial fibrotic area than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial fibrotic area than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseMyocardial fibrotic area versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566344
35AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial dna damage biomarkers than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial dna damage biomarkers than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseMyocardial DNA damage biomarkers versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566345
36AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial inflammation biomarkers than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial inflammation biomarkers than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseMyocardial inflammation biomarkers versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566346
37AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial protein biomarker panels than melatonin alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial protein biomarker panels than melatonin alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial protein biomarker panels versus melatonin alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
melatonin alone
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Protein expressions of inflammation (TNF-α/NF-κB/MMP-2/MMP-9/IL-1β), apoptosis/DNA damage (Bax/c-caspase-3/c-PARP/γ-H2AX), fibrosis (Smad3/TGF-β), oxidative stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/NOX-4/oxidized protein),
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
cardiac hypertrophy/pressure overload (BNP/β-MHC), and cardiac integrity (Cx43/α-MHC) biomarkers in LV myocardium showed an opposite pattern compared to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566347
38AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial fibrotic area than melatonin alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial fibrotic area than melatonin alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial fibrotic area versus melatonin alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
melatonin alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566348
39AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial dna damage biomarkers than melatonin alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial dna damage biomarkers than melatonin alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial DNA damage biomarkers versus melatonin alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
melatonin alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566349
40AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial inflammation biomarkers than melatonin alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial inflammation biomarkers than melatonin alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial inflammation biomarkers versus melatonin alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
melatonin alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
10 μg/kg/dAs given in this study (rat).
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
Report a problemFND-2746566350

Studies that did not test the peptide alone34

In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

41AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together increased ejection fraction compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together increased heart pumping fraction compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseCombination left ventricular ejection fraction
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566317
42AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together reduced ventricular chamber size compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together reduced heart chamber size compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseCombination left ventricular chamber size
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566318
43AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together reduced cardiac histopathology scores compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together reduced heart tissue damage scores compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseCombination cardiac histopathology score
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566319
44AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together lowered plasma creatinine compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together lowered blood creatinine compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseCombination plasma creatinine
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Kidney function · Kidney and urinary
Source sentences
Summary
Plasma creatinine level was highest in the CRS and lowest in the SC and progressively decreased from the CRS-Mel, CRS-Ex4, CRS-Mel-Ex4 to DCM (P<.0001).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566320
45AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, myocardial protein biomarker panels were lower with melatonin and exendin‑4 together than untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, heart protein biomarker panels were lower with melatonin and exendin‑4 together than untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseCombination myocardial protein biomarker panels
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Protein expressions of inflammation (TNF-α/NF-κB/MMP-2/MMP-9/IL-1β), apoptosis/DNA damage (Bax/c-caspase-3/c-PARP/γ-H2AX), fibrosis (Smad3/TGF-β), oxidative stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/NOX-4/oxidized protein),
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
cardiac hypertrophy/pressure overload (BNP/β-MHC), and cardiac integrity (Cx43/α-MHC) biomarkers in LV myocardium showed an opposite pattern compared to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566321
46AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together reduced myocardial fibrotic area compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together reduced heart scarring compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseCombination myocardial fibrotic area
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566322
47AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together reduced myocardial DNA damage biomarkers compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together reduced heart DNA damage markers compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseCombination myocardial DNA damage biomarkers
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566323
48AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together reduced myocardial inflammation biomarkers compared with untreated disease.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin and exendin‑4 together reduced heart inflammation markers compared with untreated disease.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseCombination myocardial inflammation biomarkers
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
Untreated cardiorenal syndrome
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566324
49AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher left ventricular ejection fraction than exendin‑4 alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher left ventricular ejection fraction than exendin‑4 alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseLeft ventricular ejection fraction versus exendin-4 alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
exendin-4 alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566351
50AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower left ventricular chamber size than exendin‑4 alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower left ventricular chamber size than exendin‑4 alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseLeft ventricular chamber size versus exendin-4 alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
exendin-4 alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566352
51AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower cardiac histopathology score than exendin‑4 alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower cardiac histopathology score than exendin‑4 alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseCardiac histopathology score versus exendin-4 alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
exendin-4 alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566353
52AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower plasma creatinine than exendin‑4 alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower plasma creatinine than exendin‑4 alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreasePlasma creatinine versus exendin-4 alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
exendin-4 alone
Outcome group
Kidney function · Kidney and urinary
Source sentences
Summary
Plasma creatinine level was highest in the CRS and lowest in the SC and progressively decreased from the CRS-Mel, CRS-Ex4, CRS-Mel-Ex4 to DCM (P<.0001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566354
53AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial protein biomarker panels than exendin‑4 alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial protein biomarker panels than exendin‑4 alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial protein biomarker panels versus exendin-4 alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
exendin-4 alone
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Protein expressions of inflammation (TNF-α/NF-κB/MMP-2/MMP-9/IL-1β), apoptosis/DNA damage (Bax/c-caspase-3/c-PARP/γ-H2AX), fibrosis (Smad3/TGF-β), oxidative stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/NOX-4/oxidized protein),
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
cardiac hypertrophy/pressure overload (BNP/β-MHC), and cardiac integrity (Cx43/α-MHC) biomarkers in LV myocardium showed an opposite pattern compared to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566355
54AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial fibrotic area than exendin‑4 alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial fibrotic area than exendin‑4 alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial fibrotic area versus exendin-4 alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
exendin-4 alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566356
55AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial dna damage biomarkers than exendin‑4 alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial dna damage biomarkers than exendin‑4 alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial DNA damage biomarkers versus exendin-4 alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
exendin-4 alone
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566357
56AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial inflammation biomarkers than exendin‑4 alone.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial inflammation biomarkers than exendin‑4 alone.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial inflammation biomarkers versus exendin-4 alone
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
exendin-4 alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566358
57AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher left ventricular ejection fraction than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher left ventricular ejection fraction than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseLeft ventricular ejection fraction versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566359
58AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower left ventricular chamber size than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower left ventricular chamber size than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseLeft ventricular chamber size versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566360
59AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower cardiac histopathology score than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower cardiac histopathology score than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseCardiac histopathology score versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566361
60AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower plasma creatinine than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower plasma creatinine than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreasePlasma creatinine versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Kidney function · Kidney and urinary
Source sentences
Summary
Plasma creatinine level was highest in the CRS and lowest in the SC and progressively decreased from the CRS-Mel, CRS-Ex4, CRS-Mel-Ex4 to DCM (P<.0001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566362
61AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial protein biomarker panels than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial protein biomarker panels than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial protein biomarker panels versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Protein expressions of inflammation (TNF-α/NF-κB/MMP-2/MMP-9/IL-1β), apoptosis/DNA damage (Bax/c-caspase-3/c-PARP/γ-H2AX), fibrosis (Smad3/TGF-β), oxidative stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/NOX-4/oxidized protein),
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
cardiac hypertrophy/pressure overload (BNP/β-MHC), and cardiac integrity (Cx43/α-MHC) biomarkers in LV myocardium showed an opposite pattern compared to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566363
62AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial fibrotic area than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial fibrotic area than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial fibrotic area versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566364
63AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial dna damage biomarkers than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial dna damage biomarkers than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial DNA damage biomarkers versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566365
64AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial inflammation biomarkers than dilated cardiomyopathy.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower myocardial inflammation biomarkers than dilated cardiomyopathy.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseMyocardial inflammation biomarkers versus dilated cardiomyopathy
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
dilated cardiomyopathy
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566366
65AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower left ventricular ejection fraction than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced lower left ventricular ejection fraction than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseLeft ventricular ejection fraction versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566367
66AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher left ventricular chamber size than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher left ventricular chamber size than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseLeft ventricular chamber size versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566368
67AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher cardiac histopathology score than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher cardiac histopathology score than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseCardiac histopathology score versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566369
68AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher plasma creatinine than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher plasma creatinine than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreasePlasma creatinine versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Kidney function · Kidney and urinary
Source sentences
Summary
Plasma creatinine level was highest in the CRS and lowest in the SC and progressively decreased from the CRS-Mel, CRS-Ex4, CRS-Mel-Ex4 to DCM (P<.0001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566370
69AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial protein biomarker panels than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial protein biomarker panels than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseMyocardial protein biomarker panels versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Protein expressions of inflammation (TNF-α/NF-κB/MMP-2/MMP-9/IL-1β), apoptosis/DNA damage (Bax/c-caspase-3/c-PARP/γ-H2AX), fibrosis (Smad3/TGF-β), oxidative stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/NOX-4/oxidized protein),
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
cardiac hypertrophy/pressure overload (BNP/β-MHC), and cardiac integrity (Cx43/α-MHC) biomarkers in LV myocardium showed an opposite pattern compared to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566371
70AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial fibrotic area than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial fibrotic area than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseMyocardial fibrotic area versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566372
71AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial dna damage biomarkers than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial dna damage biomarkers than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseMyocardial DNA damage biomarkers versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566373
72AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial inflammation biomarkers than sham control.
In plain wordsIn rats with cardiorenal syndrome, melatonin plus exendin‑4 produced higher myocardial inflammation biomarkers than sham control.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseMyocardial inflammation biomarkers versus sham control
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Cardiorenal syndrome
Comparator
sham control
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Fibrotic area, DNA damage (γ-H2AX⁺ /53BP1⁺ CD90⁺ /XRCC1⁺ CD90⁺ ), and inflammation (CD14⁺ /CD68⁺ ) biomarkers in LV myocardium displayed a pattern opposite to that of LVEF among all groups (all P<.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By day 60, LVEF was highest in the SC and lowest in the CRS, significantly lower in the DCM than in other treatment groups, lower in the CRS-Mel and CRS-Ex4 than in the CRS-Mel-Ex4, and lower in the CRS-Mel than in the CRS-Ex4, whereas LV chamber size and histopathology score showed a pattern opposi…
Summary · context
Adult male SD rats (n=48) were randomly and equally divided into sham control (SC), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (doxorubicin 7 mg/kg i.p. every five days/4 doses), CRS (defined as DCM+CKD) only, CRS-Mel (20 mg/kg/d), CRS-Ex4 (10 μg/kg/d), and CRS-Mel-Ex4 groups.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566374
73LabNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In H9c2 cells, melatonin and exendin‑4 treatments reversed injury-associated increases in oxidative stress, damage, apoptosis and senescence biomarkers.
In plain wordsIn cells, melatonin and exendin‑4 treatments reversed injury marker increases compared with doxorubicin/p-cresol treatment.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseCellular injury biomarker panels
Study
n: not reported in source
Doxorubicin/p-cresol-treated H9c2 cells
Comparator
Doxorubicin/p-cresol treatment
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
In vitro results showed protein expressions of oxidative stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/oxidized protein), DNA/mitochondrial damage (γ-H2AX/cytosolic cytochrome c), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3/PARP), and senescence (β-galactosidase cells) biomarkers were upregulated,
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
whereas mitochondrial ATP level was decreased in doxorubicin/p-cresol-treated H9c2 cells that were revised by Mel and Ex4 treatments (all P<.001).
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566325
74LabNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In H9c2 cells, melatonin and exendin‑4 treatments reversed the mitochondrial ATP decrease induced by doxorubicin/p-cresol.
In plain wordsIn cells, melatonin and exendin‑4 treatments reversed the loss of mitochondrial ATP compared with doxorubicin/p-cresol treatment.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseMitochondrial ATP
Study
n: not reported in source
Doxorubicin/p-cresol-treated H9c2 cells
Comparator
Doxorubicin/p-cresol treatment
Outcome group
Mitochondrial function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
whereas mitochondrial ATP level was decreased in doxorubicin/p-cresol-treated H9c2 cells that were revised by Mel and Ex4 treatments (all P<.001).
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2746566326

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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