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Study · Measured the body's own peptide · 2014

1 result

Subcellular metabolite and lipid analysis of Xenopus laevis eggs by LAESI mass spectrometry.

Shrestha B, Sripadi P, Reschke BR, Henderson HD, Powell MJ, Moody SA, Vertes A

PloS one15 Dec 2014Cited by 24 (Europe PMC)

PMID25506922 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC4266676 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1371/journal.pone.0115173 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-25506922
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Summary

Xenopus laevis eggs are used as a biological model system for studying fertilization and early embryonic development in vertebrates. Most methods used for their molecular analysis require elaborate sample preparation including separate protocols for the water soluble and lipid components. In this study, laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI), an ambient ionization technique, was used for direct mass spectrometric analysis of X. laevis eggs and early stage embryos up to five cleavage cycles. Single unfertilized and fertilized eggs, their animal and vegetal poles, and embryos through the 32-cell stage were analyzed. Fifty two small metabolite ions, including glutathione, GABA and amino acids, as well as numerous lipids including 14 fatty acids, 13 lysophosphatidylcholines, 36 phosphatidylcholines and 29 triacylglycerols were putatively identified. Additionally, some proteins, for example thymosin β4 (Xen), were also detected. On the subcellular level, the lipid profiles were found to differ between the animal and vegetal poles of the eggs. Radial profiling revealed profound compositional differences between the jelly coat vitelline/plasma membrane and egg cytoplasm. Changes in the metabolic profile of the egg following fertilization, e.g., the decline of polyamine content with the development of the embryo were observed using LAESI-MS. This approach enables the exploration of metabolic and lipid changes during the early stages of embryogenesis.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study1

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured1

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 01LabEndogenous levelEx vivo tissueOther

    In Xenopus laevis eggs and early embryos analyzed by LAESI mass spectrometry, the body's own thymosin β4 (Xen) was detected among some proteins.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests on frog eggs, the egg's own thymosin beta‑4 was detected by mass spectrometry.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableDetection of thymosin β4 (Xen) in eggs and embryos
    Study

    Xenopus laevisn: not reported in source

    unfertilized and fertilized eggs and early embryos
    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Additionally, some proteins, for example thymosin β4 (Xen), were also detected.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In this study, laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI), an ambient ionization technique, was used for direct mass spectrometric analysis of X. laevis eggs and early stage embryos up to five cleavage cycles.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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