Thymosin beta4 regulates cardiac valve formation via endothelial-mesenchymal transformation in zebrafish embryos.

Shin SH, Lee S, Bae JS, Jee JG, Cha HJ, Lee YM

Molecules and cells8 Apr 2014Cited by 13 (Europe PMC)

PMID24732964PMCIDPMC4012082DOI10.14348/molcells.2014.0003PepBankPUB-24732964

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study8

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured1

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

01AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other
In developing zebrafish embryos, only zTB4 of the thymosin family members was expressed in the developing heart region.
In plain wordsIn zebrafish embryos, only the body's own thymosin beta‑4 of the thymosin family was found in the developing heart region.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableThymosin family expression in developing heart
Study
zebrafishn: not reported in source
Zebrafish embryos injected with zTB4 morpholino
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Of the thymosin family members only zTB4 was expressed in the developing heart region.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Here, we identified a novel function of TB4 in endothelialmesenchymal transformation (EMT) in cardiac valve endocardial cushions in zebrafish.
This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-2473296401

Studies that did not test the peptide alone7

In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

02AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In zebrafish embryos injected with zTB4 morpholino, cardiac valve development at 48 h post fertilization was defective.
In plain wordsIn zebrafish embryos with less thymosin beta‑4, the heart valve did not form properly.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseCardiac valve development at 48 h post fertilization
Study
zebrafishn: not reported in source
Zebrafish embryos injected with zTB4 morpholino
Comparator
Control embryos
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Cardiac valve development at 48 h post fertilization was defected in zebrafish TB4 (zTB4) morpholino-injected embryos (morphants).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Here, we identified a novel function of TB4 in endothelialmesenchymal transformation (EMT) in cardiac valve endocardial cushions in zebrafish.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-2473296402
03AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In zTB4 morphant zebrafish embryos, abnormal linear heart tube development was observed.
In plain wordsIn zebrafish embryos with less thymosin beta‑4, the heart tube developed abnormally.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableLinear heart tube development
Study
zebrafishn: not reported in source
Zebrafish embryos injected with zTB4 morpholino
Comparator
Control embryos
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
In zTB4 morphants, abnormal linear heart tube development was observed.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Here, we identified a novel function of TB4 in endothelialmesenchymal transformation (EMT) in cardiac valve endocardial cushions in zebrafish.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-2473296403
04AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In zTB4 morphant zebrafish embryos, BMP4 gene expression was markedly reduced in the atrio-ventricular canal.
In plain wordsIn zebrafish embryos with less thymosin beta‑4, the BMP4 gene was much less active in the heart canal.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseBMP4 expression in atrio-ventricular canal
Study
zebrafishn: not reported in source
Zebrafish embryos injected with zTB4 morpholino
Comparator
Control embryos
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
The expressions of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4, notch1b, and hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) 2 genes were also markedly reduced in atrio-ventricular canal (AVC).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Here, we identified a novel function of TB4 in endothelialmesenchymal transformation (EMT) in cardiac valve endocardial cushions in zebrafish.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-2473296404
05AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In zTB4 morphant zebrafish embryos, notch1b gene expression was markedly reduced in the atrio-ventricular canal.
In plain wordsIn zebrafish embryos with less thymosin beta‑4, the notch1b gene was much less active in the heart canal.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Decreasenotch1b expression in atrio-ventricular canal
Study
zebrafishn: not reported in source
Zebrafish embryos injected with zTB4 morpholino
Comparator
Control embryos
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
The expressions of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4, notch1b, and hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) 2 genes were also markedly reduced in atrio-ventricular canal (AVC).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Here, we identified a novel function of TB4 in endothelialmesenchymal transformation (EMT) in cardiac valve endocardial cushions in zebrafish.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-2473296405
06AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In zTB4 morphant zebrafish embryos, hyaluronic acid synthase 2 gene expression was markedly reduced in the atrio-ventricular canal.
In plain wordsIn zebrafish embryos with less thymosin beta‑4, the HAS2 gene was much less active in the heart canal.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseHAS2 expression in atrio-ventricular canal
Study
zebrafishn: not reported in source
Zebrafish embryos injected with zTB4 morpholino
Comparator
Control embryos
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
The expressions of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4, notch1b, and hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) 2 genes were also markedly reduced in atrio-ventricular canal (AVC).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Here, we identified a novel function of TB4 in endothelialmesenchymal transformation (EMT) in cardiac valve endocardial cushions in zebrafish.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-2473296406
07AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In zTB4 morphant zebrafish embryos, Zn5-positive endocardial cells were not observed in the atrio-ventricular canal.
In plain wordsIn zebrafish embryos with less thymosin beta‑4, cells carrying the EMT marker Zn5 were missing from the heart canal.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseZn5-positive endocardial AVC cells
Study
zebrafishn: not reported in source
Zebrafish embryos injected with zTB4 morpholino
Comparator
Control embryos
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Zn5-positive endocardial AVC cells were not observed in zTB4 morphants, and knockdown of TB4 suppressed TGF-β-induced EMT in ovine valve endothelial cells.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Here, we identified a novel function of TB4 in endothelialmesenchymal transformation (EMT) in cardiac valve endocardial cushions in zebrafish.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-2473296407
08LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In ovine valve endothelial cells, knockdown of TB4 suppressed TGF-β-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transformation.
In plain wordsIn sheep heart valve cells in the lab, lowering thymosin beta‑4 blocked a change in cell type triggered by TGF-β.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseTGF-β-induced EMT in valve endothelial cells
Study
sheepn: not reported in source
Ovine valve endothelial cells with TB4 siRNA
Comparator
Control cells
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
knockdown of TB4 suppressed TGF-β-induced EMT in ovine valve endothelial cells.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
EMT marker expression in valve endothelial cells was confirmed after transfection with TB4 siRNA in the presence of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) by RT-PCR and immunofluorescent assay.
Summary · context
Here, we identified a novel function of TB4 in endothelialmesenchymal transformation (EMT) in cardiac valve endocardial cushions in zebrafish.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-2473296408

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

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