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Study · Not a test of the peptide alone · 2013

6 results

High-resolution HPLC-ESI-MS characterization of the contact sites of the actin-thymosin β(4) complex by chemical and enzymatic cross-linking.

Knop J, App C, Horn AH, Iavarone F, Castagnola M, Hannappel E

Biochemistry8 Aug 2013Cited by 2 (Europe PMC)

PMID23924371 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1021/bi400664k (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-23924371
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study6

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone6

In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  1. 01LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Mechanism

    Chemical cross-linking identified three contact sites in the actin-Tβ4 complex, and the sites did not form in parallel.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, chemical cross-linking showed three contact points between actin and Tβ4.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableContact sites by chemical cross-linking
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    actin-thymosin β4 complex
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Three cross-linked fragments were identified after chemical cross-linking, indicating three contact sites.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Because the cross-linked fragments were detected simultaneously with the corresponding non-cross-linked fragments, the three contact sites were not formed in parallel.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  2. 02LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Mechanism

    Chemical cross-linking joined K3 of Tβ4 to E167 of actin, K18 or K19 of Tβ4 to one of the first three actin amino acids, and S43 of Tβ4 to H40 of actin.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, specific amino acids of Tβ4 were linked to specific amino acids of actin.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableCross-linked residues after chemical cross-linking
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    actin-thymosin β4 complex
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    K3 of thymosin β4 was cross-linked to E167 of actin, K18 or K19 of thymosin β4 to one of the first three amino acids of actin (DDE), and S43 of thymosin β4 to H40 of actin.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  3. 03LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Mechanism

    The imidazole ring of histidine was an acyl acceptor in carbodiimide-mediated cross-linking.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, the histidine ring took part in the chemical cross-linking reaction.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableHistidine imidazole ring as acyl acceptor
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    actin-thymosin β4 complex
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The imidazole ring of histidine was proven to be an acyl acceptor for carbodiimide-mediated cross-linking.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  4. 04LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Mechanism

    Enzymatic cross-linking with a microbial transglutaminase formed three cross-linking sites between actin and Tβ4.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, an enzyme formed three links between actin and Tβ4.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableContact sites by enzymatic cross-linking
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    actin-thymosin β4 complex
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The enzymatic cross-linking using a microbial transglutaminase led to the formation of three cross-linking sites.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Q41 of actin was cross-linked to K19 of thymosin β4, and K61 of actin to Q39 of thymosin β4.
    Summary · context
    The third cross-linking site was identified between Q41 of actin and Q39 of thymosin β4, which are simultaneously cross-linked to K16, K18, or K19 of thymosin β4.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  5. 05LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Mechanism

    Taken together, the two cross-linking approaches indicate that the actin-Tβ4 complex is more likely flexible than rigid and lies along subdomains 1 to 3 of actin.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, the actin-Tβ4 complex looked more flexible than rigid.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableFlexibility of the actin-Tβ4 complex
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    actin-thymosin β4 complex
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    When both cross-linking reactions are taken together, the complex formation of actin by thymosin β4 is more likely to be flexible than rigid and is localized along the subdomains 1 to 3 of actin.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  6. 06Computer modelNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn silicoMechanism

    Molecular modeling showed an extended conformation of Tβ4 along subdomains 1 to 3 of actin.

    In plain wordsIn computer models, Tβ4 lay in an extended shape along part of the actin molecule.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableMolecular modeling of Tβ4 on actin
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    actin-thymosin β4 complex
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Molecular modeling proved an extended conformation of thymosin β4 along the subdomains 1 to 3 of actin.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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