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Study · Measured the body's own peptide · 2013

7 results

Immunoreactivity for thymosin beta 4 and thymosin beta 10 in the adult rat oro-gastro-intestinal tract.

Nemolato S, Ekstrom J, Cabras T, Gerosa C, Fanni D, Di Felice E, Locci A, Messana I, Castagnola M, Faa G

European journal of histochemistry : EJH7 May 2013Cited by 6 (Europe PMC)

PMID23807296 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC3794343 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.4081/ejh.2013.e17 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-23807296
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study7

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured7

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 01AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other

    In adult rats, Tβ4 was absent in salivary glands.

    In plain wordsIn rats, the body's own Tβ4 was not found in salivary glands.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 in salivary glands
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    adult rat tissue
    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The two peptide were differently expressed: Tβ4 was absent in salivary glands whereas Tβ10 was expressed in parotid and in submandibular glands.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  2. 02AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other

    In adult rats, Tβ4 was mildly expressed in the tongue and the oesophagus.

    In plain wordsIn rats, the body's own Tβ4 was present at a mild level in the tongue and the oesophagus.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 in tongue and oesophagus
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    adult rat tissue
    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Tβ4 was mildly expressed in the tongue and in the oesophagus, where Tβ10 was absent.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  3. 03AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other

    In adult rats, Tβ4 expression in the stomach, ileum and colon mucosa was similar to that in the tongue and oesophagus.

    In plain wordsIn rats, the body's own Tβ4 showed a similar pattern in the stomach, ileum and colon lining.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 in stomach, ileum and colon mucosa
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    adult rat tissue
    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    A similar expression was found in the stomach, ileum and colon mucosa.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Tβ4 was mildly expressed in the tongue and in the oesophagus, where Tβ10 was absent.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  4. 04AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other

    In the adult rat pancreas, Tβ4 reactivity was restricted to the Langerhans islet cells, and Tβ4 was also detected in the exocrine cells.

    In plain wordsIn rats, the body's own Tβ4 was found in pancreatic islet cells and also in exocrine cells.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 in pancreas
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    adult rat tissue
    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In pancreas Tβ4 reactivity was restricted to the Langerhans islet cells; Tβ4 was also detected in the exocrine cells.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  5. 05AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other

    In adult rats, Tβ4 was not expressed in liver cells.

    In plain wordsIn rats, the body's own Tβ4 was not found in liver cells.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 in liver cells
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    adult rat tissue
    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Liver

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Both peptide were not expressed in liver cells.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  6. 06AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other

    Tβ4 expression patterns in rat organs differed markedly from those reported in humans.

    In plain wordsThe body's own Tβ4 showed clear differences between rat and human organs.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    MixedTβ4 expression in rats versus humans
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    adult rat tissue
    Comparator
    Human tissue
    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    When the rat expression pattern in rat organs was compared to reactivity for Tβ4 and Tβ10 in humans, marked differences were found.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Our data clearly indicate a species-specific expression of Tβ4 and Tβ10, characterized by the actual unpredictability of the expression of these peptides in different cells and tissues.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  7. 07AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other

    In adult rats, Tβ4 was highly expressed in mast cells.

    In plain wordsIn rats, the body's own Tβ4 was high in mast cells.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 in mast cells
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    adult rat tissue
    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The common high expression of Tβ4 in mast cells, both in humans and in rats, represents one of the few similarities between these two species.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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