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Study · Not a test of the peptide alone · 2013

4 results

Primary-care observational database study of the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists and insulin in the UK.

Hall GC, McMahon AD, Dain MP, Wang E, Home PD

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association1 Jun 2013Cited by 20 (Europe PMC)

PMID23330649 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC3698690 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1111/dme.12137 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-23330649
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Summary

AimsWe investigated use and efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in UK practice.MethodsPeople starting a GLP-1 receptor agonist (exenatide, liraglutide) or insulin (glargine, detemir, NPH) after a regimen of two or three oral glucose-lowering agents were identified from The Health Information Network observational primary care database (2007-2011). Mean change in HbA1c and body weight were compared at 1 year between cohorts, adjusting for baseline characteristics.ResultsBaseline characteristics of GLP-1 receptor agonist (n = 1123) vs. insulin (n = 1842) users were HbA1c 78 vs. 84 mmol/mol (9.3 vs. 9.8%) and BMI 38.2 vs. 30.9 kg/m². The GLP-1 receptor agonist cohort was younger, had shorter diabetes duration and follow-up, less microvascular disease and heart failure, higher estimated glomerular filtration rate and more use of oral glucose-lowering agents. Lower HbA1c reduction on GLP-1 receptor agonist [7 vs. 13 mmol/mol (0.6 vs. 1.2%) (n = 366 vs. 892)] was not statistically significant [adjusted mean difference -1.4 (95% CI -4.1, 1.2) mmol/mol], except in the highest HbA1c quintile [>96 mmol/mol (>10.9%); adjusted mean difference -17.8 (-28.6, -7.0) mmol/mol]. GLP-1 receptor agonist users lost weight [-4.5 vs. +1.5 kg; adjusted mean difference 4.7 (3.7, 5.8) kg; n = 335 vs. 634]. A UK 6-month target reduction for GLP-1 receptor agonists of 11 mmol/mol (1.0%) HbA1c and 3% weight was reached by 24.9% of those continuing treatment.ConclusionsThose starting GLP-1 receptor agonists are heavier with better glycaemic control than those starting basal insulin. Subsequently, they have improved weight change, with similar HbA1c reduction unless baseline HbA1c is very high. The UK 6-month GLP-1 receptor agonist target is usually not reached.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study4

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone4

In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  1. 01HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with diabetes, the HbA1c reduction at 1 year on pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists (exenatide, liraglutide) was not significantly different from insulin after adjustment.

    In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, HbA1c fell about as much on GLP-1 drugs as on insulin after adjustment.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeHbA1c reduction at 1 year
    Study

    n = 1,258

    Comparator
    Insulin (glargine, detemir, NPH)
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight

    Measurements

    Adjusted mean HbA1c difference
    −1.4 mmol/mol
    GLP-1 receptor agonist vs insulin

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Lower HbA1c reduction on GLP-1 receptor agonist [7 vs. 13 mmol/mol (0.6 vs. 1.2%) (n = 366 vs. 892)] was not statistically significant [adjusted mean difference -1.4 (95% CI -4.1, 1.2) mmol/mol]
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    People starting a GLP-1 receptor agonist (exenatide, liraglutide) or insulin (glargine, detemir, NPH) after a regimen of two or three oral glucose-lowering agents were identified from The Health Information Network observational primary care database (2007-2011).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  2. 02HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists (exenatide, liraglutide) users lost weight, whereas insulin users gained weight.

    In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, people on GLP-1 drugs lost weight while people on insulin gained weight.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseWeight change at 1 year
    Study

    n = 969

    Comparator
    Insulin (glargine, detemir, NPH)
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight

    Measurements

    Weight change
    −4.5 kg
    GLP-1 receptor agonist
    Weight change
    1.5 kg
    insulin
    Adjusted mean difference
    4.7 kg
    GLP-1 receptor agonist vs insulin

    Source sentences

    Summary
    GLP-1 receptor agonist users lost weight [-4.5 vs. +1.5 kg; adjusted mean difference 4.7 (3.7, 5.8) kg; n = 335 vs. 634].
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    People starting a GLP-1 receptor agonist (exenatide, liraglutide) or insulin (glargine, detemir, NPH) after a regimen of two or three oral glucose-lowering agents were identified from The Health Information Network observational primary care database (2007-2011).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  3. 03HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with diabetes and baseline HbA1c above 96 mmol/mol, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists (exenatide, liraglutide) reduced HbA1c less than insulin.

    In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes and very high HbA1c, HbA1c fell less on GLP-1 drugs than on insulin.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseHbA1c reduction at 1 year in highest HbA1c quintile
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Insulin (glargine, detemir, NPH)
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight

    Measurements

    Adjusted mean HbA1c difference
    −17.8 mmol/mol
    highest HbA1c quintile

    Source sentences

    Summary
    except in the highest HbA1c quintile [>96 mmol/mol (>10.9%); adjusted mean difference -17.8 (-28.6, -7.0) mmol/mol].
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    People starting a GLP-1 receptor agonist (exenatide, liraglutide) or insulin (glargine, detemir, NPH) after a regimen of two or three oral glucose-lowering agents were identified from The Health Information Network observational primary care database (2007-2011).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  4. 04HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with diabetes continuing a GLP-1 receptor agonist (exenatide, liraglutide), 24.9% reached the UK 6-month target of 1.0% HbA1c and 3% weight reduction.

    In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes who kept using GLP-1 drugs, about one in four reached the UK 6-month target.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    Not applicableProportion reaching UK 6-month target (HbA1c and weight)
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight

    Measurements

    Proportion reaching target
    24.9%
    continuing GLP-1 receptor agonist

    Source sentences

    Summary
    A UK 6-month target reduction for GLP-1 receptor agonists of 11 mmol/mol (1.0%) HbA1c and 3% weight was reached by 24.9% of those continuing treatment.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    People starting a GLP-1 receptor agonist (exenatide, liraglutide) or insulin (glargine, detemir, NPH) after a regimen of two or three oral glucose-lowering agents were identified from The Health Information Network observational primary care database (2007-2011).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    12 Oct 2026, 12:10 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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