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Study · Measured the body's own peptide · 2013

3 results

Characterization of thymosin β4 in mammals' saliva.

de Sousa-Pereira P, Abrantes J, Colaço B, Castagnola M, Amado F, Esteves PJ, Vitorino R

Peptides20 Dec 2012Cited by 3 (Europe PMC)

PMID23262355 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1016/j.peptides.2012.12.007 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-23262355
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study3

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured1

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 01AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other

    Mass spectrometry identified Tβ4 in rat, dog, horse and bovine saliva for the first time.

    In plain wordsIn rats, dogs, horses and cattle, the body's own Tβ4 was found in saliva.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 detection in saliva
    Study

    rat, dog, horse and bovinen: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    For the first time, the identification of this peptide was achieved in rat, dog, horse and bovine saliva.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Whole saliva was collected from dog, human, rabbit, cow, horse and sheep and the salivary peptides were isolated through filtration and analyzed by LC-MS/MS.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone2

In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  1. 02Computer modelNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn silicoOther

    Alignment of mammalian Tβ4 sequences showed a high degree of conservation between species.

    In plain wordsIn computer analysis of sequences, Tβ4 was very similar across mammal species.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableConservation of Tβ4 amino acid sequence across mammals
    Study

    mammalsn: not reported in source

    sequence databases
    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The alignment of Tβ4 amino acid sequences showed a high degree of conservation between species.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    For this, mammalian Tβ4 sequences were retrieved from NCBI, SwissProt and Ensembl databases.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  2. 03Computer modelNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneIn silicoOther

    The Tβ4 gene seems to evolve under negative selection, with a dN/dS ratio of 0.05.

    In plain wordsIn computer analysis of sequences, the Tβ4 gene appeared to change little over evolution.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 gene selection pressure (dN/dS)
    Study

    mammalsn: not reported in source

    sequence databases
    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Whole body

    Measurements

    dN/dS
    0.05 ratio
    mammalian Tβ4 gene

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The gene seems to be evolving under negative selection as indicated by a dN/dS ratio of 0.05.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    For this, mammalian Tβ4 sequences were retrieved from NCBI, SwissProt and Ensembl databases.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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