Exenatide plus metformin compared with metformin alone on β-cell function in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Derosa G, Franzetti IG, Querci F, Carbone A, Ciccarelli L, Piccinni MN, Fogari E, Maffioli P

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association1 Dec 2012Cited by 55 (Europe PMC)

PMID22540883DOI10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03699.xPepBankPUB-22540883

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study19

19 results from studies that gave the peptide. 19 results from people.

01HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin decreased body weight more than placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide reduced weight more than placebo when both groups received metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
compared with placebo + metformin.
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088301
02HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin improved glycaemic control more than placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide improved glucose control more than placebo when both groups received metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseGlycaemic control
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
compared with placebo + metformin.
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088302
03HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin reduced fasting plasma proinsulin more than placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide reduced fasting proinsulin more than placebo when both groups received metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseFasting plasma proinsulin
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
compared with placebo + metformin.
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088303
04HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin reduced fasting plasma insulin more than placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide reduced fasting insulin more than placebo when both groups received metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseFasting plasma insulin
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
compared with placebo + metformin.
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088304
05HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin reduced the proinsulin to insulin ratio more than placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide reduced the proinsulin to insulin ratio more than placebo with background metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseProinsulin to insulin ratio
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
compared with placebo + metformin.
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088305
06HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin reduced HOMA-IR more than placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide reduced an insulin resistance measure more than placebo with background metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseHOMA-IR
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
compared with placebo + metformin.
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088306
07HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin reduced glucagon more than placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide reduced glucagon more than placebo with background metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseGlucagon
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
compared with placebo + metformin.
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088307
08HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin increased C-peptide more than placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide increased C-peptide more than placebo with background metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseC-peptide
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
and a greater increase in C-peptide levels, homeostasis model assessment β-cell function index (HOMA-β) and adiponectin compared with placebo + metformin.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088308
09HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin increased HOMA-β more than placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide improved an insulin-producing cell function measure more than placebo with background metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseHOMA-β
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
and a greater increase in C-peptide levels, homeostasis model assessment β-cell function index (HOMA-β) and adiponectin compared with placebo + metformin.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088309
10HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin increased adiponectin more than placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide increased adiponectin more than placebo with background metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseAdiponectin
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
and a greater increase in C-peptide levels, homeostasis model assessment β-cell function index (HOMA-β) and adiponectin compared with placebo + metformin.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088310
11HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin increased M value more than placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide improved M value more than placebo with background metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseM value
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
M value increase
34%
Exenatide plus metformin
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin gave a greater increase in M value (+34%), and disposition index (+55%) compared with placebo + metformin;
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088315
12HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin increased disposition index more than placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide increased disposition index more than placebo with background metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseDisposition index
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Disposition index increase
55%
Exenatide plus metformin
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin gave a greater increase in M value (+34%), and disposition index (+55%) compared with placebo + metformin;
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088316
13HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin improved first-phase C-peptide response to glucose, unlike placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide improved early C-peptide response to glucose, unlike placebo with background metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseFirst-phase C-peptide glucose response
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
First-phase response increase
21%
Exenatide plus metformin
Source sentences
Summary
first (+21%) and second phase (+34%) C-peptide response to glucose and C-peptide response to arginine (+25%) were also improved by exenatide + metformin treatment, but not by placebo + metformin.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088317
14HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin improved second-phase C-peptide response to glucose, unlike placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide improved later C-peptide response to glucose, unlike placebo with background metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseSecond-phase C-peptide glucose response
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Second-phase response increase
34%
Exenatide plus metformin
Source sentences
Summary
first (+21%) and second phase (+34%) C-peptide response to glucose and C-peptide response to arginine (+25%) were also improved by exenatide + metformin treatment, but not by placebo + metformin.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088318
15HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin improved C-peptide response to arginine, unlike placebo plus metformin.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide improved C-peptide response to arginine, unlike placebo with background metformin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseC-peptide arginine response
Study
n = 174
Comparator
Placebo plus metformin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Arginine response increase
25%
Exenatide plus metformin
Source sentences
Summary
first (+21%) and second phase (+34%) C-peptide response to glucose and C-peptide response to arginine (+25%) were also improved by exenatide + metformin treatment, but not by placebo + metformin.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088319
16HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin decreased waist circumference.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide plus metformin decreased waist circumference.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseWaist circumference
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin decreased waist and hip circumference, and reduced concentrations of high sensitivity-C reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor-α.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088311
17HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin decreased hip circumference.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide plus metformin decreased hip circumference.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseHip circumference
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin decreased waist and hip circumference, and reduced concentrations of high sensitivity-C reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor-α.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088312
18HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin reduced high sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide plus metformin reduced an inflammation marker.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseHigh sensitivity C-reactive protein
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin decreased waist and hip circumference, and reduced concentrations of high sensitivity-C reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor-α.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088313
19HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetes, exenatide plus metformin reduced tumour necrosis factor-α concentrations.
In plain wordsIn patients with diabetes, exenatide plus metformin reduced tumour necrosis factor-α.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseTumour necrosis factor-α
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
5 μg twice daily for 4 weeks, then 10 μg twice daily · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide + metformin decreased waist and hip circumference, and reduced concentrations of high sensitivity-C reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor-α.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 174 patients with Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control were instructed to take metformin for 8 ± 2 months, then they were randomly assigned to exenatide (5 μg twice a day for the first 4 weeks and forced titration to 10 μg twice a day thereafter) or placebo for 12 months.
Report a problemFND-2254088314

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.

Exenatide plus metformin compared with metformin alone on β-cell function in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Summary

Results from this study19

Version history

Subjects

Publication types

MeSH terms