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Study · Not a test of the peptide alone · 2012

8 results

Target-mediated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model of exendin-4 in rats, monkeys, and humans.

Gao W, Jusko WJ

Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals15 Feb 2012Cited by 36 (Europe PMC)

PMID22338110 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC3336795 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1124/dmd.111.042291 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-22338110
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study8

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone8

In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

  1. 01HumanNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    In human PK modelling, exendin‑4 central clearance was 1.48 ml per minute per kilogram, similar to reported renal clearance.

    In plain wordsComputer modelling estimated human exendin‑4 clearance similar to reported kidney clearance.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicableCentral clearance in humans
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Measurements

    Central clearance
    1.48 ml · min(-1) · kg(-1)
    humans

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The clearance from the central compartment (CL(c)) (rats, 3.62 ml/min; monkeys, 2.39 ml · min(-1) · kg(-1); humans, 1.48 ml · min(-1) · kg(-1)) was similar to reported renal clearances.

    In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

  2. 02Computer modelNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In PK modelling of rats, monkeys and humans, the exendin‑4 absorption rate constant decreased with increasing doses.

    In plain wordsComputer models estimated slower exendin‑4 absorption at higher doses across the three species.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    DecreaseAbsorption rate constant
    Study

    rats, monkeys and humansn: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The absorption rate constant (k(a)) decreased with increasing doses in all three species.

    In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

  3. 03Computer modelNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In rat PK modelling, exendin‑4 central clearance was 3.62 ml/min, similar to reported renal clearance.

    In plain wordsComputer modelling estimated rat exendin‑4 clearance at 3.62 ml/min, similar to reported kidney clearance.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicableCentral clearance in rats
    Study

    ratsn: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Measurements

    Central clearance
    3.62 ml/min
    rats

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The clearance from the central compartment (CL(c)) (rats, 3.62 ml/min; monkeys, 2.39 ml · min(-1) · kg(-1); humans, 1.48 ml · min(-1) · kg(-1)) was similar to reported renal clearances.

    In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

  4. 04Computer modelNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In monkey PK modelling, exendin‑4 central clearance was 2.39 ml per minute per kilogram, similar to reported renal clearance.

    In plain wordsComputer modelling estimated monkey exendin‑4 clearance similar to reported kidney clearance.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicableCentral clearance in monkeys
    Study

    monkeysn: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Measurements

    Central clearance
    2.39 ml · min(-1) · kg(-1)
    monkeys

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The clearance from the central compartment (CL(c)) (rats, 3.62 ml/min; monkeys, 2.39 ml · min(-1) · kg(-1); humans, 1.48 ml · min(-1) · kg(-1)) was similar to reported renal clearances.

    In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

  5. 05Computer modelNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In exendin‑4 PK modelling, central clearance, central volume and receptor dissociation rate correlated allometrically with body weight.

    In plain wordsComputer modelling linked exendin‑4 clearance, central distribution volume and receptor dissociation rate to body weight across species.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicableAllometric correlation of selected PK parameters
    Study

    rats, monkeys and humansn: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Selected PK parameters (CL(c), V(c), and k(off)) correlated allometrically with body weight.

    In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

  6. 06Computer modelNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In rat PK modelling, the exendin‑4 equilibrium dissociation constant was 0.74 nM, within the reported range.

    In plain wordsComputer modelling estimated an exendin‑4 binding constant of 0.74 nM in rats, within the reported range.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicableEquilibrium dissociation constant in rats
    Study

    ratsn: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The equilibrium dissociation constant (K(D)) was within the reported range in rats (0.74 nM), whereas the value in monkeys (0.12 pM) was much lower than that in humans (1.38 nM).

    In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

  7. 07Computer modelNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In PK modelling, the exendin‑4 equilibrium dissociation constant was lower in monkeys than humans.

    In plain wordsComputer modelling estimated a lower exendin‑4 binding constant in monkeys than in humans.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    DecreaseEquilibrium dissociation constant in monkeys versus humans
    Study

    monkeysn: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Humans
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Measurements

    Equilibrium dissociation constant
    0.12 pM
    monkeys
    Equilibrium dissociation constant
    1.38 nM
    humans

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The equilibrium dissociation constant (K(D)) was within the reported range in rats (0.74 nM), whereas the value in monkeys (0.12 pM) was much lower than that in humans (1.38 nM).

    In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

  8. 08Computer modelNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn silicoOther

    The exendin‑4 model described PK profiles across routes and doses in three species and PD responses in healthy rats.

    In plain wordsComputer modelling described exendin‑4 concentration profiles across three species and glucose-insulin responses in healthy rats.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicablePK and PD model performance
    Study

    rats, monkeys and humansn: not reported in source

    Nonlinear target-mediated PK/PD model
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Our generalized nonlinear PK/PD model for exendin-4 taking into account of drug binding to GLP-1R well described PK profiles after various routes of administration over a large range of doses in three species along with PD responses in healthy rats.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Mean data for glucose and insulin after glucose challenges during exendin-4 treatment in healthy rats were analyzed.

    In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

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