Brain activation following peripheral administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4.

Baraboi ED, St-Pierre DH, Shooner J, Timofeeva E, Richard D

American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology20 Jul 2011Cited by 66 (Europe PMC)

PMID21775649DOI10.1152/ajpregu.00424.2010PepBankPUB-21775649

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study15

12 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In animals, exendin‑4 produced a dose-related increase in c-fos mRNA expression.
In plain wordsIn animals, exendin‑4 increased c-fos mRNA expression as the dose increased.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseDose-related c-fos mRNA
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
0.155-15.5 μg/kgAs given in this study.
Source sentences
Summary
A dose-related increase in c-fos mRNA expression was observed following Ex-4 administration (0.155-15.5 μg/kg).
Report a problemFND-2177564901
02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In animals, exendin‑4 at 0.155 μg/kg caused anorexia.
In plain wordsIn animals, exendin‑4 at 0.155 μg/kg suppressed appetite.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseAnorexia at low dose
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
0.155 μg/kgAs given in this study.
Source sentences
Summary
Doses of Ex-4 that caused anorexia without aversive effects (0.155, 0.775 μg/kg) induced c-fos expression in the hypothalamic arcuate and paraventricular (PVH; parvocellular) nuclei as well as in the limbic and brainstem structures.
Report a problemFND-2177564902
03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In animals, exendin‑4 at 0.775 μg/kg caused anorexia.
In plain wordsIn animals, exendin‑4 at 0.775 μg/kg suppressed appetite.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseAnorexia at low dose
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
0.775 μg/kgAs given in this study.
Source sentences
Summary
Doses of Ex-4 that caused anorexia without aversive effects (0.155, 0.775 μg/kg) induced c-fos expression in the hypothalamic arcuate and paraventricular (PVH; parvocellular) nuclei as well as in the limbic and brainstem structures.
Report a problemFND-2177564903
04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Safety outcome
In animals, exendin‑4 at 0.155 μg/kg did not cause aversive effects.
In plain wordsIn animals, exendin‑4 at 0.155 μg/kg did not cause aversive effects.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
Not applicableAversion at low dose
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Adverse events · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
0.155 μg/kgAs given in this study.
Source sentences
Summary
Doses of Ex-4 that caused anorexia without aversive effects (0.155, 0.775 μg/kg) induced c-fos expression in the hypothalamic arcuate and paraventricular (PVH; parvocellular) nuclei as well as in the limbic and brainstem structures.
Report a problemFND-2177564904
05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Safety outcome
In animals, exendin‑4 at 0.775 μg/kg did not cause aversive effects.
In plain wordsIn animals, exendin‑4 at 0.775 μg/kg did not cause aversive effects.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
Not applicableAversion at low dose
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Adverse events · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
0.775 μg/kgAs given in this study.
Source sentences
Summary
Doses of Ex-4 that caused anorexia without aversive effects (0.155, 0.775 μg/kg) induced c-fos expression in the hypothalamic arcuate and paraventricular (PVH; parvocellular) nuclei as well as in the limbic and brainstem structures.
Report a problemFND-2177564905
06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In animals, low-dose exendin‑4 induced c-fos in hypothalamic, limbic, and brainstem regions.
In plain wordsIn animals, low-dose exendin‑4 induced a neuronal activation marker in hypothalamic, limbic, and brainstem regions.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseRegional c-fos induction
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
0.155 μg/kgAs given in this study.
Source sentences
Summary
Doses of Ex-4 that caused anorexia without aversive effects (0.155, 0.775 μg/kg) induced c-fos expression in the hypothalamic arcuate and paraventricular (PVH; parvocellular) nuclei as well as in the limbic and brainstem structures.
Report a problemFND-2177564906
07AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In animals, exendin‑4 at 0.775 μg/kg induced c-fos in hypothalamic, limbic, and brainstem regions.
In plain wordsIn animals, exendin‑4 at 0.775 μg/kg induced a neuronal activation marker in hypothalamic, limbic, and brainstem regions.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseRegional c-fos induction
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
0.775 μg/kgAs given in this study.
Source sentences
Summary
Doses of Ex-4 that caused anorexia without aversive effects (0.155, 0.775 μg/kg) induced c-fos expression in the hypothalamic arcuate and paraventricular (PVH; parvocellular) nuclei as well as in the limbic and brainstem structures.
Report a problemFND-2177564907
08AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Safety outcome
In animals, exendin‑4 at 1.55 μg/kg caused aversion.
In plain wordsIn animals, exendin‑4 at 1.55 μg/kg caused aversion.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseAversion at high dose
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Adverse events · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
1.55 μg/kgAs given in this study.
Source sentences
Summary
Doses of Ex-4 that caused aversion (1.55, 15.5 μg/kg) stimulated the same regions (in a more intense way) and additionally activated the magnocellular hypothalamic structures (supraoptic nucleus and PVH magnocellular).
Report a problemFND-2177564908
09AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Safety outcome
In animals, exendin‑4 at 15.5 μg/kg caused aversion.
In plain wordsIn animals, exendin‑4 at 15.5 μg/kg caused aversion.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseAversion at high dose
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Adverse events · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
15.5 μg/kgAs given in this study.
Source sentences
Summary
Doses of Ex-4 that caused aversion (1.55, 15.5 μg/kg) stimulated the same regions (in a more intense way) and additionally activated the magnocellular hypothalamic structures (supraoptic nucleus and PVH magnocellular).
Report a problemFND-2177564909
10AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In animals, exendin‑4 at 1.55 μg/kg intensified regional brain activation and additionally activated magnocellular hypothalamic structures.
In plain wordsIn animals, exendin‑4 at 1.55 μg/kg intensified brain activation and activated additional hypothalamic structures.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseHigh-dose regional activation
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
1.55 μg/kgAs given in this study.
Source sentences
Summary
Doses of Ex-4 that caused aversion (1.55, 15.5 μg/kg) stimulated the same regions (in a more intense way) and additionally activated the magnocellular hypothalamic structures (supraoptic nucleus and PVH magnocellular).
Report a problemFND-2177564910
11AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In animals, exendin‑4 at 15.5 μg/kg intensified regional brain activation and additionally activated magnocellular hypothalamic structures.
In plain wordsIn animals, exendin‑4 at 15.5 μg/kg intensified brain activation and activated additional hypothalamic structures.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseHigh-dose regional activation
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
15.5 μg/kgAs given in this study.
Source sentences
Summary
Doses of Ex-4 that caused aversion (1.55, 15.5 μg/kg) stimulated the same regions (in a more intense way) and additionally activated the magnocellular hypothalamic structures (supraoptic nucleus and PVH magnocellular).
Report a problemFND-2177564911
12AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In animals, the exendin‑4-induced brain c-fos pattern showed similarities and differences compared with refeeding.
In plain wordsIn animals, the brain activation pattern from exendin‑4 had similarities and differences compared with refeeding.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
Mixedc-fos pattern versus refeeding
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
refeeding
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
The brain c-fos pattern induced by Ex-4 showed both similarities and differences with that induced by refeeding.
Report a problemFND-2177564912

Studies that did not test the peptide alone3

In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

13AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In animals, vagotomy blunted exendin‑4-induced c-fos expression in the nodose ganglion and specific brain regions.
In plain wordsIn animals, vagotomy weakened exendin‑4-induced activation in the nodose ganglion and specific brain regions.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseVagotomy effect on c-fos stimulation
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy significantly blunted the stimulation of c-fos mRNA expression induced by Ex-4 in the nodose ganglion, the medial part of nucleus of the solitary tract, and the parvocellular division of the PVH.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2177564913
14AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In animals, Ex-9-39 pretreatment impaired exendin‑4-induced activation in all brain regions and the nodose ganglion.
In plain wordsIn animals, receptor blocker pretreatment weakened exendin‑4-induced activation in all brain regions and the nodose ganglion.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseReceptor antagonist effect on neuronal activation
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
Pretreatment with Ex-9-39 (330 μg/kg ip) impaired the neuronal activation evoked by Ex-4 in all brain regions and in the nodose ganglion.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2177564914
15AnimalNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In animals, vagotomy did not alter exendin‑4 effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.
In plain wordsIn animals, vagotomy did not alter exendin‑4 effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeVagotomy effect on HPA axis response
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Endocrine and hormones
Source sentences
Summary
Effects of Ex-4 on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity were not altered by vagotomy.
In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).
Report a problemFND-2177564915

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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