Effects of exenatide twice daily versus sitagliptin on 24-h glucose, glucoregulatory and hormonal measures: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study.

Berg JK, Shenouda SK, Heilmann CR, Gray AL, Holcombe JH

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism1 Nov 2011Cited by 46 (Europe PMC)

PMID21615670PMCIDPMC3258427DOI10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01428.xPepBankPUB-21615670

Summary

AimTo compare exenatide and sitagliptin glucose and glucoregulatory measures in subjects with type 2 diabetes.MethodsAn 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study. Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks. Main outcome was time-averaged glucose during the 24-h inpatient visits.ResultsBoth treatments decreased average 24-h glucose, but exenatide had a greater effect [between-group difference: -0.67 mmol/l, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.9 to -0.4 mmol/l]. Both treatments decreased 2-h postprandial glucose (PPG), area under the curve of glucose above 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) and 11 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) and increased the time spent with glucose between 3.9 and 7.8 mmol/l (70 and 140 mg/dl) during 24 h, but exenatide had a significantly greater effect (p < 0.05). Both treatments decreased postprandial serum glucagon, with exenatide having a greater effect (p < 0.005). Both treatments decreased fasting blood glucose to a similar degree (p = 0.766). Sitagliptin increased, while exenatide decreased, postprandial intact glucagon-like peptide-1. Both drugs improved homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B), with exenatide having a significantly greater effect (p = 0.005). Both exenatide and sitagliptin decreased 24-h caloric intake, with exenatide having a greater effect (p < 0.001). There was no episode of major hypoglycaemia. Adverse events were mild to moderate and mostly gastrointestinal in nature with exenatide. No study withdrawals were due to an adverse event.ConclusionCompared to sitagliptin, exenatide showed significantly lower average 24-h glucose, 2-h PPG, glucagon, caloric intake and improved HOMA-B.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study13

13 results from studies that gave the peptide. 13 results from people.

01HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In type 2 diabetes, exenatide lowered average daily glucose more than sitagliptin.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, exenatide lowered average daily glucose more than sitagliptin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseAverage 24-hour glucose
Study
n = 86
Comparator
sitagliptin
Analysis
Primary
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Between-group glucose difference
−0.67 mmol/l
exenatide versus sitagliptin
Source sentences
Summary
Both treatments decreased average 24-h glucose, but exenatide had a greater effect [between-group difference: -0.67 mmol/l, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.9 to -0.4 mmol/l].
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567001
02HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In type 2 diabetes, exenatide lowered post-meal glucose more than sitagliptin.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, exenatide lowered post-meal glucose more than sitagliptin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseTwo-hour postprandial glucose
Study
n = 86
Comparator
sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Both treatments decreased 2-h postprandial glucose (PPG), area under the curve of glucose above 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) and 11 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) and increased the time spent with glucose between 3.9 and 7.8 mmol/l (70 and 140 mg/dl) during 24 h, but exenatide had a significantly greater effect (p < 0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567002
03HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In type 2 diabetes, exenatide reduced glucose AUC above 7.8 mmol/l more than sitagliptin.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, exenatide reduced exposure to glucose above 7.8 mmol/l more than sitagliptin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseGlucose AUC above 7.8 mmol/l
Study
n = 86
Comparator
sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Both treatments decreased 2-h postprandial glucose (PPG), area under the curve of glucose above 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) and 11 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) and increased the time spent with glucose between 3.9 and 7.8 mmol/l (70 and 140 mg/dl) during 24 h, but exenatide had a significantly greater effect (p < 0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567003
04HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In type 2 diabetes, exenatide reduced glucose AUC above 11 mmol/l more than sitagliptin.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, exenatide reduced exposure to glucose above 11 mmol/l more than sitagliptin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseGlucose AUC above 11 mmol/l
Study
n = 86
Comparator
sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Both treatments decreased 2-h postprandial glucose (PPG), area under the curve of glucose above 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) and 11 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) and increased the time spent with glucose between 3.9 and 7.8 mmol/l (70 and 140 mg/dl) during 24 h, but exenatide had a significantly greater effect (p < 0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567004
05HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In type 2 diabetes, exenatide increased time with glucose between 3.9 and 7.8 mmol/l more than sitagliptin.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, exenatide increased time within the reported glucose range more than sitagliptin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseTime in glucose range
Study
n = 86
Comparator
sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Both treatments decreased 2-h postprandial glucose (PPG), area under the curve of glucose above 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) and 11 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) and increased the time spent with glucose between 3.9 and 7.8 mmol/l (70 and 140 mg/dl) during 24 h, but exenatide had a significantly greater effect (p < 0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567005
06HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In type 2 diabetes, exenatide lowered postprandial glucagon more than sitagliptin.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, exenatide lowered post-meal glucagon more than sitagliptin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreasePostprandial glucagon
Study
n = 86
Comparator
sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Both treatments decreased postprandial serum glucagon, with exenatide having a greater effect (p < 0.005).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567006
07HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In type 2 diabetes, exenatide and sitagliptin reduced fasting glucose similarly.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, exenatide and sitagliptin reduced fasting glucose similarly.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
No significant changeFasting blood glucose
Study
n = 86
Comparator
sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Both treatments decreased fasting blood glucose to a similar degree (p = 0.766).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567007
08HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In type 2 diabetes, exenatide decreased postprandial intact GLP-1, whereas sitagliptin increased it.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, exenatide decreased post-meal intact GLP-1, whereas sitagliptin increased it.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreasePostprandial intact GLP-1
Study
n = 86
Comparator
sitagliptin
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Endocrine and hormones
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Sitagliptin increased, while exenatide decreased, postprandial intact glucagon-like peptide-1.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567008
09HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In type 2 diabetes, exenatide improved HOMA-B more than sitagliptin.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, exenatide improved the reported beta-cell function measure more than sitagliptin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
IncreaseHOMA-B
Study
n = 86
Comparator
sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs improved homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B), with exenatide having a significantly greater effect (p = 0.005).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567009
10HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In type 2 diabetes, exenatide reduced daily caloric intake more than sitagliptin.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, exenatide reduced daily calorie intake more than sitagliptin.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
DecreaseDaily caloric intake
Study
n = 86
Comparator
sitagliptin
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Both exenatide and sitagliptin decreased 24-h caloric intake, with exenatide having a greater effect (p < 0.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567010
11HumanRandomized controlled trialSafety outcome
In the crossover diabetes study, no major hypoglycaemia occurred.
In plain wordsIn the crossover diabetes study, no major low blood sugar episode occurred.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
Not applicableMajor hypoglycaemia
Study
n = 86
Outcome group
Adverse events · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
There was no episode of major hypoglycaemia.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567011
12HumanRandomized controlled trialSafety outcome
In type 2 diabetes, adverse events with exenatide were mild to moderate and mostly gastrointestinal.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, side effects with exenatide were mild to moderate and mostly affected digestion.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
Not applicableAdverse event severity
Study
n = 86
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Adverse events were mild to moderate and mostly gastrointestinal in nature with exenatide.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567012
13HumanRandomized controlled trialSafety outcome
In the crossover diabetes study, no participant withdrew because of an adverse event.
In plain wordsIn the crossover diabetes study, no participant withdrew because of a side effect.
Peptide
Exenatide (exendin-4)
Outcome
Not applicableAdverse-event withdrawals
Study
n = 86
Outcome group
Adverse events · Whole body
Studied dose
10 µg twice daily · subcutaneous · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
No study withdrawals were due to an adverse event.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, crossover, single-centre study.
Summary · context
Eighty-six subjects (58% female, body mass index 35 ± 5 kg/m², haemoglobin A1c 8.3 ± 1.0%) received either exenatide 10 µg (subcutaneous) twice daily or sitagliptin 100 mg (oral) daily for 4 weeks and crossed to the other therapy for an additional 4 weeks.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2161567013

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22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

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Effects of exenatide twice daily versus sitagliptin on 24-h glucose, glucoregulatory and hormonal measures: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study.

Summary

Results from this study13

Version history

Subjects

Publication types

MeSH terms