Novel use of glucagon in a closed-loop system for prevention of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes.

Castle JR, Engle JM, El Youssef J, Massoud RG, Yuen KC, Kagan R, Ward WK

Diabetes care23 Mar 2010Cited by 158 (Europe PMC)

PMID20332355PMCIDPMC2875438DOI10.2337/dc09-2254PepBankPUB-20332355

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC-ND. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study5

5 results from studies that gave the peptide. 5 results from people.

01HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 1 diabetes, high-gain glucagon reduced hypoglycemic events versus placebo (1.0 +/- 0.6 versus 2.1 +/- 0.6 events/day; P = 0.01).
In plain wordsIn adults with type 1 diabetes, high-gain glucagon reduced low-glucose events compared with placebo during insulin delivery.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
DecreaseHypoglycemic event frequency with high-gain delivery
Study
n = 7
Comparator
placebo plus insulin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · infusionAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Hypoglycemic event frequency
1 events/day
high-gain glucagon (± 0.6)
Hypoglycemic event frequency
2.1 events/day
placebo (± 0.6)
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo, high-gain glucagon delivery reduced the frequency of hypoglycemic events (1.0 +/- 0.6 vs. 2.1 +/- 0.6 events/day, P = 0.01)
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult subjects with type 1 diabetes underwent one closed-loop study with insulin plus placebo and one study with insulin plus glucagon, given at times of impending hypoglycemia.
Summary · context
Seven subjects received glucagon using high-gain parameters, and six subjects received glucagon in a more prolonged manner using low-gain parameters.
Report a problemFND-2033235502
02HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 1 diabetes, high-gain glucagon reduced carbohydrate treatments versus placebo (1.4 +/- 0.8 versus 4.0 +/- 1.4 treatments/day; P = 0.01).
In plain wordsIn adults with type 1 diabetes, high-gain glucagon reduced carbohydrate treatments compared with placebo during insulin delivery.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
DecreaseCarbohydrate treatment with high-gain delivery
Study
n = 7
Comparator
placebo plus insulin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · infusionAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Carbohydrate treatments
1.4 treatments/day
high-gain glucagon (± 0.8)
Carbohydrate treatments
4 treatments/day
placebo (± 1.4)
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo, high-gain glucagon delivery reduced the frequency of hypoglycemic events (1.0 +/- 0.6 vs. 2.1 +/- 0.6 events/day, P = 0.01) and the need for carbohydrate treatment (1.4 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.0 +/- 1.4 treatments/day, P = 0.01).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult subjects with type 1 diabetes underwent one closed-loop study with insulin plus placebo and one study with insulin plus glucagon, given at times of impending hypoglycemia.
Summary · context
Seven subjects received glucagon using high-gain parameters, and six subjects received glucagon in a more prolonged manner using low-gain parameters.
Report a problemFND-2033235503
03HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 1 diabetes, low-gain glucagon did not significantly reduce hypoglycemic event frequency versus placebo.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 1 diabetes, low-gain glucagon did not significantly reduce low-glucose events compared with placebo.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
No significant changeHypoglycemic event frequency with low-gain delivery
Study
n = 6
Comparator
placebo plus insulin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · infusionAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Glucagon given with low-gain parameters did not significantly reduce hypoglycemic event frequency (P = NS) but did reduce frequency of carbohydrate treatment (P = 0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult subjects with type 1 diabetes underwent one closed-loop study with insulin plus placebo and one study with insulin plus glucagon, given at times of impending hypoglycemia.
Summary · context
Seven subjects received glucagon using high-gain parameters, and six subjects received glucagon in a more prolonged manner using low-gain parameters.
Report a problemFND-2033235504
04HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 1 diabetes, low-gain glucagon reduced carbohydrate treatment frequency versus placebo (P = 0.05).
In plain wordsIn adults with type 1 diabetes, low-gain glucagon reduced carbohydrate treatments compared with placebo.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
DecreaseCarbohydrate treatment with low-gain delivery
Study
n = 6
Comparator
placebo plus insulin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · infusionAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Glucagon given with low-gain parameters did not significantly reduce hypoglycemic event frequency (P = NS) but did reduce frequency of carbohydrate treatment (P = 0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult subjects with type 1 diabetes underwent one closed-loop study with insulin plus placebo and one study with insulin plus glucagon, given at times of impending hypoglycemia.
Summary · context
Seven subjects received glucagon using high-gain parameters, and six subjects received glucagon in a more prolonged manner using low-gain parameters.
Report a problemFND-2033235505
05HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 1 diabetes, glucagon plus insulin reduced hypoglycemic time versus placebo plus insulin (15 +/- 6 versus 40 +/- 10 min/day; P = 0.04).
In plain wordsIn adults with type 1 diabetes, adding glucagon to insulin reduced time with low glucose compared with placebo plus insulin.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
DecreaseTime in hypoglycemia
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
placebo plus insulin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · infusionAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Time in hypoglycemic range
15 min/day
glucagon plus insulin (± 6)
Time in hypoglycemic range
40 min/day
placebo plus insulin (± 10)
Source sentences
Summary
Automated glucagon plus insulin delivery, compared with placebo plus insulin, significantly reduced time spent in the hypoglycemic range (15 +/- 6 vs. 40 +/- 10 min/day, P = 0.04).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Adult subjects with type 1 diabetes underwent one closed-loop study with insulin plus placebo and one study with insulin plus glucagon, given at times of impending hypoglycemia.
Summary · context
Seven subjects received glucagon using high-gain parameters, and six subjects received glucagon in a more prolonged manner using low-gain parameters.
Report a problemFND-2033235501

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 completed · 1 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

CompletedPhase 2Results postedNCT01261052

Real-time Adaptation to Changes in Insulin Sensitivity

Legacy Health Systemn = 14Nov 2010 to Apr 2011

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 3 Dec 2012

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
28 Oct 2026, 02:03 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
27 Oct 2026, 16:35 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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