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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2003

8 results

Entry of exendin-4 into brain is rapid but may be limited at high doses.

Kastin AJ, Akerstrom V

International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity1 Mar 2003Cited by 295 (Europe PMC)

PMID12629557 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1038/sj.ijo.0802206 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-12629557
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study8

7 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics

    In mice, exendin‑4 was stable in blood.

    In plain wordsIn mice, exendin‑4 was stable in blood.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicableBlood stability
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    mouse blood-brain barrier
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    High-performance liquid chromatography showed that exendin-4 was stable in blood, with most of the injected peptide reaching the brain intact.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Since its effects on food intake are mediated centrally, we determined the degree and type of its blood-to-brain penetration of the mouse blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics

    In mice, injected exendin‑4 reached brain parenchyma rather than remaining trapped in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells.

    In plain wordsIn mice, injected exendin‑4 reached brain tissue rather than remaining trapped in barrier cells.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicableBrain parenchymal entry
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    mouse blood-brain barrier
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Capillary depletion studies with washout showed that the injected exendin-4 reached brain parenchyma rather than being trapped in the endothelial cells composing the BBB.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Since its effects on food intake are mediated centrally, we determined the degree and type of its blood-to-brain penetration of the mouse blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  3. 03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics

    In mice, exendin‑4 crossed the blood-brain barrier directly at a fast rate.

    In plain wordsIn mice, exendin‑4 entered the brain rapidly across the blood-brain barrier.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicableBlood-brain barrier crossing rate
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    mouse blood-brain barrier
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Multiple-time regression analysis showed that exendin-4 crossed the BBB directly at a fast rate.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Since its effects on food intake are mediated centrally, we determined the degree and type of its blood-to-brain penetration of the mouse blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  4. 04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics

    In mice, rapid brain entry of exendin‑4 did not depend on circumventricular organs.

    In plain wordsIn mice, rapid exendin‑4 brain entry did not depend on circumventricular organs.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicableCircumventricular organ dependence
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    mouse blood-brain barrier
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The rapid brain entry of exendin-4, helped by its high lipophilicity as demonstrated by the octanol/buffer partition coefficient, was not dependent upon circumventricular organs and was not affected by food deprivation for 24 h.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Since its effects on food intake are mediated centrally, we determined the degree and type of its blood-to-brain penetration of the mouse blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  5. 05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics

    In mice, food deprivation for 24 h did not affect exendin‑4 brain entry.

    In plain wordsIn mice, food deprivation did not change exendin‑4 entry into the brain.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    No significant changeBrain entry after food deprivation
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    mouse blood-brain barrier
    Comparator
    non-food-deprived condition
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The rapid brain entry of exendin-4, helped by its high lipophilicity as demonstrated by the octanol/buffer partition coefficient, was not dependent upon circumventricular organs and was not affected by food deprivation for 24 h.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Since its effects on food intake are mediated centrally, we determined the degree and type of its blood-to-brain penetration of the mouse blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  6. 06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics

    In mice, simultaneous high-dose unlabeled exendin‑4 inhibited its brain entry, significant only after pooling four experiments.

    In plain wordsIn mice, high-dose exendin‑4 inhibited its own brain entry, with significance only after combining experiments.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    DecreaseSaturable brain entry
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    mouse blood-brain barrier
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · intravenousAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The simultaneous i.v. injection of high doses of unlabeled exendin-4 resulted in self-inhibition (saturation) that only became statistically significant (P<0.05) when the results of four experiments were combined;
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Since its effects on food intake are mediated centrally, we determined the degree and type of its blood-to-brain penetration of the mouse blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  7. 07AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics

    In mice, most exendin‑4 reaching the brain after injection was intact.

    In plain wordsIn mice, most exendin‑4 that reached the brain after injection was intact.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicableIntact peptide reaching the brain
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    mouse blood-brain barrier
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    High-performance liquid chromatography showed that exendin-4 was stable in blood, with most of the injected peptide reaching the brain intact.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Since its effects on food intake are mediated centrally, we determined the degree and type of its blood-to-brain penetration of the mouse blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Studies that did not test the peptide alone1

In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

  1. 08LabNot a test of Exenatide (exendin-4) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Pharmacokinetics

    In an octanol/buffer partition assay, exendin‑4 showed high lipophilicity.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, exendin‑4 showed high affinity for the lipid-like phase.

    Peptide
    Exenatide (exendin-4)
    Outcome
    Not applicableLipophilicity
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    octanol/buffer partition assay
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    helped by its high lipophilicity as demonstrated by the octanol/buffer partition coefficient

    In this study, Exenatide (exendin-4) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Exenatide (exendin-4).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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