Skip to content

Study · Measured the body's own peptide · 1998

3 results

High-affinity renal lead-binding proteins in environmentally-exposed humans.

Smith DR, Kahng MW, Quintanilla-Vega B, Fowler BA

Chemico-biological interactions1 Aug 1998Cited by 38 (Europe PMC)

PMID9817074 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1016/s0009-2797(98)00060-x (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-09817074
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
Jump to 3 results

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study3

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured3

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 01HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    In kidney of environmentally exposed humans, thymosin beta‑4 was identified as one of two cytosolic lead-binding polypeptides, together with acyl-CoA binding protein.

    In plain wordsIn human kidney tissue, the body's own thymosin beta‑4 was one of two proteins that bound lead.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 identified as renal cytosolic Pb-binding polypeptide
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Kidney and urinary

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Two Pb-binding polypeptides were identified, thymosin beta 4 (T beta 4, 5 kDa) and acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP, 9 kDa, also known as diazepam binding inhibitor, DBI).
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We investigated cytosolic Pb-binding proteins (PbBP) in kidney of environmentally-exposed humans to identify molecular targets of Pb and elucidate mechanisms of toxicity.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  2. 02HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyActivity measurement

    The two polypeptides, thymosin beta‑4 and acyl-CoA binding protein, bound lead with high affinity (Kd approximately 14 nM).

    In plain wordsIn human kidney tissue, the body's own thymosin beta‑4 and a second protein bound lead tightly.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicablePb-binding affinity of Tβ4 and ACBP
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Kidney and urinary

    Measurements

    Kd for Pb
    ≈ 14 nM
    Tβ4 and ACBP

    Source sentences

    Summary
    were shown to bind Pb with high affinity (Kd approximately 14 nM) and to account for an estimated > 35% of the total Pb in kidney cortex tissue.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We investigated cytosolic Pb-binding proteins (PbBP) in kidney of environmentally-exposed humans to identify molecular targets of Pb and elucidate mechanisms of toxicity.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  3. 03HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    Thymosin beta‑4 and acyl-CoA binding protein together accounted for an estimated more than 35% of the total lead in kidney cortex tissue.

    In plain wordsIn human kidney tissue, the body's own thymosin beta‑4 and one other protein held over 35% of the lead.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableShare of kidney cortex Pb bound by Tβ4 and ACBP
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Kidney and urinary

    Measurements

    Share of total Pb in kidney cortex
    > 35%
    Tβ4 and ACBP together

    Source sentences

    Summary
    and to account for an estimated > 35% of the total Pb in kidney cortex tissue.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We investigated cytosolic Pb-binding proteins (PbBP) in kidney of environmentally-exposed humans to identify molecular targets of Pb and elucidate mechanisms of toxicity.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.