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Study · Non-randomized trial · n = 16 · 1993

15 results

Pharmacokinetics of intranasal, intramuscular and intravenous glucagon in healthy subjects and diabetic patients.

Pontiroli AE, Calderara A, Perfetti MG, Bareggi SR

European journal of clinical pharmacology1 Jan 1993Cited by 26 (Europe PMC)

PMID8157042 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1007/bf00315314 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-08157042
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study15

15 results from studies that gave the peptide. 15 results from people.

  1. 01HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    After glucagon infusion, elimination half-life was longer in diabetic patients than healthy subjects, 11.9 versus 6.6 min.

    In plain wordsAfter glucagon infusion, the drug remained longer in diabetic patients than healthy subjects.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreaseIntravenous elimination half-life
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Healthy subjects
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · intravenousAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    Elimination half-life
    11.9 min
    diabetic patients after infusion
    Elimination half-life
    6.6 min
    healthy subjects after infusion

    Source sentences

    Summary
    After infusion the elimination half-life was significantly longer in diabetics (11.9 vs 6.6 min) and the apparent volume of distribution was twice as high in diabetics (0.19 vs 0.37 l.kg-1).
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  2. 02HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    After glucagon infusion, apparent distribution volume was twice as high in diabetic patients (0.37 versus 0.19 l.kg-1).

    In plain wordsAfter glucagon infusion, the reported distribution volume was twice as high in diabetic patients as healthy subjects.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreaseApparent volume of distribution
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Healthy subjects
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · intravenousAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    Apparent volume of distribution
    0.37 l.kg-1
    diabetic patients after infusion
    Apparent volume of distribution
    0.19 l.kg-1
    healthy subjects after infusion

    Source sentences

    Summary
    After infusion the elimination half-life was significantly longer in diabetics (11.9 vs 6.6 min) and the apparent volume of distribution was twice as high in diabetics (0.19 vs 0.37 l.kg-1).
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  3. 03HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    Glucagon clearance rates were similar in controls and diabetic patients, at 18.9 and 21.3 ml.min-1.kg-1, respectively.

    In plain wordsGlucagon clearance was similar in diabetic patients and healthy subjects.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeMetabolic clearance rate
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Healthy subjects
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · intravenousAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    Metabolic clearance rate
    18.9 ml.min-1.kg-1
    healthy subjects
    Metabolic clearance rate
    21.3 ml.min-1.kg-1
    diabetic patients

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The metabolic clearance rates were the same in the two groups (18.9 and 21.3 ml.min-1.kg-1 in controls and in diabetics) and were about twice those previously reported.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  4. 04HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    After intranasal glucagon, peak immunoreactive glucagon was similar in diabetic patients and healthy subjects.

    In plain wordsAfter nasal glucagon, peak drug levels were similar in diabetic patients and healthy subjects.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeIntranasal Cmax
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Healthy subjects
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    1 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    After 1 mg intranasally the Cmax of immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) was similar in diabetic and in healthy subjects.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  5. 05HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    After intranasal glucagon, exposure measured by AUC was similar in controls and diabetic patients.

    In plain wordsAfter nasal glucagon, total drug exposure was similar in diabetic patients and healthy subjects.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeIntranasal AUC
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Healthy subjects
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    1 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The AUC after 1 mg was also similar in controls and in diabetics.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  6. 06HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    After intranasal glucagon, elimination half-life was significantly longer in diabetics than controls, 13.8 versus 5.5 min.

    In plain wordsAfter nasal glucagon, elimination was slower in diabetic patients than healthy subjects.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreaseIntranasal elimination half-life
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Healthy subjects
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · intranasalAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    Elimination half-life
    13.8 min
    diabetic patients after intranasal glucagon
    Elimination half-life
    5.5 min
    healthy subjects after intranasal glucagon

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The elimination half-life in both groups was similar to the value found after i.v. infusion; it was significantly shorter in controls (5.5 min) than in diabetics (13.8 min).
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  7. 07HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    In both study groups, glucagon half-life after nasal dosing was similar to the value after intravenous infusion.

    In plain wordsIn both groups, nasal and intravenous glucagon had similar elimination half-lives.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeIntranasal versus intravenous half-life
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Intravenous glucagon infusion
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · intranasalAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The elimination half-life in both groups was similar to the value found after i.v. infusion;
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  8. 08HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    In healthy subjects and diabetic patients, intranasal glucagon produced significantly lower mean peak levels than intramuscular glucagon.

    In plain wordsIn both groups, nasal glucagon produced lower peak drug levels than injected glucagon.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    DecreaseIntranasal versus intramuscular Cmax
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Intramuscular glucagon
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · intranasalAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    Relative bioavailability of 1 mg intranasal versus IM
    < 30%
    healthy subjects and diabetic patients

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In both groups, mean Cmax was significantly lower than after IM glucagon, the relative bioavailability of 1 mg intranasally vs IM injection being less than 30%.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  9. 09HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    In both groups, relative bioavailability of intranasal glucagon versus intramuscular injection was less than 30%.

    In plain wordsIn both groups, nasal glucagon had lower bioavailability than injected glucagon.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    DecreaseRelative intranasal bioavailability
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Intramuscular glucagon
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    1 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    Relative bioavailability, 1 mg intranasal vs IM
    < 30%
    Both groups (controls and diabetic patients)

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In both groups, mean Cmax was significantly lower than after IM glucagon, the relative bioavailability of 1 mg intranasally vs IM injection being less than 30%.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  10. 10HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    After intramuscular glucagon, peak immunoreactive glucagon levels were identical in controls and diabetic patients.

    In plain wordsInjected glucagon produced identical peak drug levels in diabetic patients and healthy subjects.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeIntramuscular Cmax
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Healthy subjects
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · intramuscularAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    After IM administration, the Cmax and AUC of IRG in controls and in diabetic patients, were identical.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  11. 11HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    After intramuscular glucagon, exposure measured by AUC was identical in controls and diabetic patients.

    In plain wordsInjected glucagon produced identical total drug exposure in diabetic patients and healthy subjects.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeIntramuscular AUC
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Healthy subjects
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · intramuscularAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    After IM administration, the Cmax and AUC of IRG in controls and in diabetic patients, were identical.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  12. 12HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    In both groups, apparent glucagon half-life after intramuscular dosing was three- to four-times longer (28.6 and 31.4 min) than after infusion, possibly because slow release from the injection site affected the estimate.

    In plain wordsIn both groups, injected glucagon had a longer apparent half-life than infused glucagon, possibly because of slow release at the injection site.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreaseIntramuscular versus infusion half-life
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Intravenous glucagon infusion
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · intramuscularAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    Half-life ratio, intramuscular vs infusion
    3 to 4 fold
    Both groups
    Apparent elimination half-life, intramuscular
    28.6 min
    One of the two groups; group order not stated
    Apparent elimination half-life, intramuscular
    31.4 min
    The other of the two groups; group order not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The apparent elimination half-life was also similar in the two groups, and was three- to four-times longer (28.6 and 31.4 min) than after infusion or intranasal administration, possibly because estimation of the t1/2 was affected by slow release of the hormone from the site of injection.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  13. 13HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    In both groups, apparent glucagon half-life after intramuscular dosing was three- to four-times longer (28.6 and 31.4 min) than after intranasal dosing, possibly because slow release from the injection site affected the estimate.

    In plain wordsIn both groups, injected glucagon had a longer apparent half-life than nasal glucagon, possibly because of slow release at the injection site.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreaseIntramuscular versus intranasal half-life
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Intranasal glucagon
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · intramuscularAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    Half-life ratio, intramuscular vs intranasal
    3 to 4 fold
    Both groups
    Apparent elimination half-life, intramuscular
    28.6 min
    One of the two groups; group order not stated
    Apparent elimination half-life, intramuscular
    31.4 min
    The other of the two groups; group order not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The apparent elimination half-life was also similar in the two groups, and was three- to four-times longer (28.6 and 31.4 min) than after infusion or intranasal administration, possibly because estimation of the t1/2 was affected by slow release of the hormone from the site of injection.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  14. 14HumanNon-randomized trialPharmacokinetics

    In diabetic patients, intranasal glucagon 2 mg produced higher plasma levels than the lower dose, without proportionality.

    In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, the higher nasal glucagon dose produced higher drug levels than the lower dose.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreaseDose-related plasma glucagon
    Study

    n = 11

    Comparator
    1 mg intranasal glucagon
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    2 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Administration of a higher dose (2 mg) to diabetic patients produced a higher plasma level, although not proportionately so.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  15. 15HumanObservational studyPharmacokinetics

    After intramuscular glucagon, apparent half-life was similar in controls and diabetic patients, at 28.6 and 31.4 min.

    In plain wordsInjected glucagon had similar apparent half-lives in diabetic patients and healthy subjects.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeIntramuscular half-life across populations
    Study

    n = 16

    Comparator
    Healthy subjects
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · intramuscularAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    Apparent elimination half-life, intramuscular
    28.6 min
    One of the two groups (controls, diabetic patients); group order not stated
    Apparent elimination half-life, intramuscular
    31.4 min
    The other of the two groups; group order not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The apparent elimination half-life was also similar in the two groups, and was three- to four-times longer (28.6 and 31.4 min) than after infusion or intranasal administration, possibly because estimation of the t1/2 was affected by slow release of the hormone from the site of injection.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The pharmacokinetics of intranasal, an intravenous infusion, and intramuscular glucagon has been studied in 5 healthy subjects and 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    28 Oct 2026, 02:03 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    27 Oct 2026, 16:35 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

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