Localization of thymosin beta 4 to the neural tissues during the development of Xenopus laevis, as studied by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

Yamamoto M, Yamagishi T, Yaginuma H, Murakami K, Ueno N

Brain research. Developmental brain research1 Jun 1994Cited by 13 (Europe PMC)

PMID7955316DOI10.1016/0165-3806(94)90122-8PepBankPUB-07955316

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study6

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured6

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

01AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In developing Xenopus laevis, thymosin beta‑4 mRNA became gradually localized to neural tissues, notochord and inner epidermis during neurula stages.
In plain wordsIn frog embryos, the body's own thymosin beta‑4 mRNA gathered in nerve tissue, the notochord and inner skin during early development.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableXT beta 4 mRNA location during neurula stages
Study
Xenopus laevisn: not reported in source
Developing Xenopus larva
Outcome group
Gene expression · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
Analysis with in situ hybridization revealed that XT beta 4 mRNA becomes gradually localized to the neural tissues, notochord and inner epidermis during neurula stages.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Distribution of Xenopus laevis thymosin beta 4 (XT beta 4) in the developing Xenopus larva was examined by means of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.
This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0795531601
02AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In developing Xenopus laevis, thymosin beta‑4 mRNA accumulated intensely in the ganglions of cranial nerves and the dorsal spinal cord from stage 26 onwards.
In plain wordsIn frog larvae, the body's own thymosin beta‑4 mRNA built up strongly in cranial nerve ganglions and the back of the spinal cord.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableXT beta 4 mRNA in cranial ganglions and spinal cord
Study
Xenopus laevisn: not reported in source
Developing Xenopus larva
Outcome group
Gene expression · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
Intense accumulation of XT beta 4 mRNA was observed in the ganglions of cranial nerves and in the dorsal region of the spinal cord from stage 26 and onwards.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Distribution of Xenopus laevis thymosin beta 4 (XT beta 4) in the developing Xenopus larva was examined by means of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.
This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0795531602
03AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In developing Xenopus laevis, thymosin beta‑4 immunoreactivity was seen at all stages later than stage 26, first in the ganglion of cranial nerve V and Rohon-Beard cells.
In plain wordsIn frog larvae, the body's own thymosin beta‑4 protein appeared after stage 26, first in a cranial nerve ganglion and Rohon-Beard cells.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableXT beta 4 immunoreactivity onset
Study
Xenopus laevisn: not reported in source
Developing Xenopus larva
Outcome group
Gene expression · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
XT beta 4 immunoreactivity (XTI) was observed in larvas at all developmental stages later than stage 26, tail bud embryo. Immunoreactivity was initially distributed to the ganglion of cranial nerve V and Rohon-Beard cells.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Distribution of Xenopus laevis thymosin beta 4 (XT beta 4) in the developing Xenopus larva was examined by means of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.
This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0795531603
04AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In late tadpole stages of Xenopus laevis, thymosin beta‑4 immunoreactivity was found in the pineal body, midbrain motoneurons, rhombencephalon neurons and cranial nerve ganglions.
In plain wordsIn late tadpoles, the body's own thymosin beta‑4 protein was found in several brain regions and nerve ganglions.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableXT beta 4 immunoreactivity in late tadpole neurons
Study
Xenopus laevisn: not reported in source
Developing Xenopus larva
Outcome group
Gene expression · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
As the development progressed, the XTI appeared in other neuronal groups. By late tadpole stages (stages 42-47) the XTI was found in the pineal body, oculomotor and trochlear motoneurons of the midbrain, various neurons in the rhombencephalon, ganglions of cranial nerves V, VII/VIII and IX/X.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Distribution of Xenopus laevis thymosin beta 4 (XT beta 4) in the developing Xenopus larva was examined by means of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.
This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0795531604
05AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In the Xenopus laevis spinal cord, thymosin beta‑4 immunoreactivity was observed in Rohon-Beard cells, dorsal root ganglion cells, motoneurons and other neurons.
In plain wordsIn frog larvae, the body's own thymosin beta‑4 protein was seen in several types of spinal cord nerve cells.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableXT beta 4 immunoreactivity in spinal cord
Study
Xenopus laevisn: not reported in source
Developing Xenopus larva
Outcome group
Gene expression · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
In the spinal cord the XTI was observed in Rohon-Beard cells, dorsal root ganglion cells, motoneurons and other spinal cord neurons.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Distribution of Xenopus laevis thymosin beta 4 (XT beta 4) in the developing Xenopus larva was examined by means of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.
This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0795531605
06AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In Xenopus laevis neurons, thymosin beta‑4 immunoreactivity was seen in both cell bodies and axons.
In plain wordsIn frog larvae, the body's own thymosin beta‑4 protein was found in both the cell bodies and the fibres of nerve cells.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableXT beta 4 immunoreactivity in cell bodies and axons
Study
Xenopus laevisn: not reported in source
Developing Xenopus larva
Outcome group
Gene expression · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
Immunoreactivity was seen in both cell bodies and axons of the neurons.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Distribution of Xenopus laevis thymosin beta 4 (XT beta 4) in the developing Xenopus larva was examined by means of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.
This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0795531606

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

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