Intranasal glucagon as remedy for hypoglycemia. Studies in healthy subjects and type I diabetic patients.

Pontiroli AE, Calderara A, Pajetta E, Alberetto M, Pozza G

Diabetes care1 Oct 1989Cited by 31 (Europe PMC)

PMID2676430DOI10.2337/diacare.12.9.604PepBankPUB-02676430

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study6

6 results from studies that gave the peptide. 6 results from people.

01HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In healthy subjects, intranasal and intramuscular glucagon had similar glucose-raising effects during the first 30 min.
In plain wordsIn healthy subjects, nasal and injected glucagon raised blood glucose similarly during the first 30 minutes.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
No significant changeBlood glucose during first 30 min in healthy subjects
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Intramuscular glucagon
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Intranasal glucagon raised blood glucose levels in both healthy subjects and type I diabetic patients, the effect of intramuscular glucagon being similar for the first 30 min and higher thereafter.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aims of this study were to 1) compare the hyperglycemic effect of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in healthy subjects and type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes patients during euglycemic conditions and 2) test the efficacy of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in counteracting hypoglycemi…
Report a problemFND-0267643001
02HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In healthy subjects, intranasal glucagon raised blood glucose less than intramuscular glucagon after the first 30 min.
In plain wordsIn healthy subjects, nasal glucagon raised blood glucose less than injected glucagon after the first 30 minutes.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
DecreaseBlood glucose after first 30 min in healthy subjects
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Intramuscular glucagon
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Intranasal glucagon raised blood glucose levels in both healthy subjects and type I diabetic patients, the effect of intramuscular glucagon being similar for the first 30 min and higher thereafter.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aims of this study were to 1) compare the hyperglycemic effect of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in healthy subjects and type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes patients during euglycemic conditions and 2) test the efficacy of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in counteracting hypoglycemi…
Report a problemFND-0267643002
03HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In type I diabetic patients, intranasal and intramuscular glucagon had similar glucose-raising effects during the first 30 min.
In plain wordsIn type I diabetic patients, nasal and injected glucagon raised blood glucose similarly during the first 30 minutes.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
No significant changeBlood glucose during first 30 min in type I diabetes
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Intramuscular glucagon
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Intranasal glucagon raised blood glucose levels in both healthy subjects and type I diabetic patients, the effect of intramuscular glucagon being similar for the first 30 min and higher thereafter.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aims of this study were to 1) compare the hyperglycemic effect of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in healthy subjects and type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes patients during euglycemic conditions and 2) test the efficacy of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in counteracting hypoglycemi…
Report a problemFND-0267643003
04HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In type I diabetic patients, intranasal glucagon raised blood glucose less than intramuscular glucagon after the first 30 min.
In plain wordsIn type I diabetic patients, nasal glucagon raised blood glucose less than injected glucagon after the first 30 minutes.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
DecreaseBlood glucose after first 30 min in type I diabetes
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Intramuscular glucagon
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Intranasal glucagon raised blood glucose levels in both healthy subjects and type I diabetic patients, the effect of intramuscular glucagon being similar for the first 30 min and higher thereafter.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aims of this study were to 1) compare the hyperglycemic effect of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in healthy subjects and type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes patients during euglycemic conditions and 2) test the efficacy of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in counteracting hypoglycemi…
Report a problemFND-0267643004
05HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In healthy subjects, intranasal glucagon acted more quickly than oral glucose.
In plain wordsIn healthy subjects, nasal glucagon acted more quickly than oral glucose.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
DecreaseOnset of glucose-raising effect
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Oral glucose
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Intranasal glucagon was also quicker acting than oral glucose in healthy subjects.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aims of this study were to 1) compare the hyperglycemic effect of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in healthy subjects and type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes patients during euglycemic conditions and 2) test the efficacy of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in counteracting hypoglycemi…
Report a problemFND-0267643005
06HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with hypoglycemic episodes, intranasal glucagon raised blood glucose less effectively than intramuscular glucagon.
In plain wordsDuring low blood glucose episodes, nasal glucagon raised patients' blood glucose less effectively than injected glucagon.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
DecreaseBlood glucose during hypoglycaemic episodes
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Intramuscular glucagon
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Intranasal glucagon raised blood glucose levels in patients with hypoglycemic episodes, although less effectively than intramuscular glucagon.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aims of this study were to 1) compare the hyperglycemic effect of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in healthy subjects and type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes patients during euglycemic conditions and 2) test the efficacy of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in counteracting hypoglycemi…
Report a problemFND-0267643006

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
28 Oct 2026, 02:03 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
27 Oct 2026, 16:35 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

Publication types

MeSH terms

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.