In PepBank now:147 peptides, 6 blends and 13 other compounds97,577 study results from 17,383 studies8,473 clinical trialsUpdated
Comparing 2 peptides · Data version 308560
Swipe sideways to see every peptide.
| Peptide | Natural peptide Glucagon | Conjugate Dulaglutide (Trulicity) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Identity | |||
| Kind | Natural peptide | Conjugate | |
| Area | Weight and metabolic | Weight and metabolic | |
| Evidence | |||
| Amount of evidence | 627 | 1,919 | |
| Evidence level | Has results from studies in people | Has results from studies in people | |
| Safety | |||
| Safety results | 70 (70 in people) | 488 (445 in people) | |
| Status | |||
| Approval | |||
| Sport (WADA) | |||
| Registered trials | 218 · 33 active926 more mention it but do not test it | 124 · 15 active19 more mention it but do not test it | |
Shared outcomes
From the regulatory data of each peptide.
The FDA label for GlucaGen says: “Severe hypoglycemia in pediatric and adult patients with diabetes”
Outcome groups with study results for at least two of these peptides. Counts include only results from studies that gave the peptide. Bar length is the number of results, on one scale. The bars show how much was studied, not how large an effect was. A peptide with more studies can look stronger here without being stronger. For results, see the randomized results above.
| Outcome group | Glucagon | Dulaglutide (Trulicity) |
|---|---|---|
| Glycemic controlMetabolic and weight | 22119625 | 56453726 |
PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.
The FDA label for Trulicity says: “A GLP-1 analog fused to an IgG4 Fc region, approved for type 2 diabetes and specified cardiovascular risk reduction”
| Adverse eventsWhole body | 3838 | 27823543 |
|---|
| Gastrointestinal adverse eventsGastrointestinal | 1818 | 179179 |
|---|
| Body weightMetabolic and weight | 11 | 1781726 |
|---|
| PharmacokineticsPharmacology | 45441 | 44404 |
|---|
| Kidney functionKidney and urinary | 77 | 63567 |
|---|
| LipidsMetabolic and weight | 18126 | 37352 |
|---|
| Receptor activity and mechanismNervous system and cognition | 331716 | 70114118 |
|---|
| Heart functionCardiovascular | 1616 | 171421 |
|---|
| MortalityWhole body | 22 | 2323 |
|---|
| Appetite and food intakeMetabolic and weight | 12102 | 15141 |
|---|
| Liver fat and liver functionLiver | 532 | 20191 |
|---|
Each analog against its native parent, residue by residue. Substitutions, non-standard residues and modifications are marked. Calculated from the two sequences.
Dulaglutide (Trulicity) differs from GLP-1 (7-37) at 246 positions.
What is different
For each outcome that two or more peptides have results for: the best result of a single randomized trial, on the same measure (the same kind of number, the same unit). When a trial has several dose arms, the cell shows the highest dose arm. The trials differ in people, length and dose, so a gap between two cells is not proof that one peptide works better.
| Outcome | Glucagon | Dulaglutide (Trulicity) |
|---|---|---|
| Glycemic controlMetabolic and weightCompared as: value in the arm that got the peptide, in % | 95% Recovery within 15 minutes · reconstituted glucagon 1 mg Dose studied: 1 mgn not reported2021 | 56% Glucose measurements within ideal range 7 daysn = 542020 |
| Gastrointestinal adverse eventsGastrointestinalCompared as: share of people in the arm that got the peptide, in % | 44 to 56% Nausea incidence Dose studied: 0.5 or 1.0 mgn not reported2018 | 15.4% Nausea incidence · dulaglutide 1.5 mg Dose studied: 1.5 mg weeklyn not reported2015 |
95%
Recovery within 15 minutes · reconstituted glucagon 1 mg
Dose studied: 1 mgn not reported2021
56%
Glucose measurements within ideal range
7 daysn = 542020
The other peptides have no randomized result on the same measure, so these results cannot be set side by side.
| Outcome | Glucagon | Dulaglutide (Trulicity) |
|---|---|---|
| Heart functionCardiovascularCompared as: share of people in the arm that got the peptide, in % | No comparable result 2 randomized-trial results measure it in another way or another unit. | 4.3% HF event proportion Placebo: 4.6% Median 5.4 yearsn = 9,901 |
44 to 56%
Nausea incidence
Dose studied: 0.5 or 1.0 mgn not reported2018
15.4%
Nausea incidence · dulaglutide 1.5 mg
Dose studied: 1.5 mg weeklyn not reported2015
| Receptor activity and mechanismMetabolic and weightCompared as: difference from placebo, in pmol/l | No comparable result 1 randomized-trial result measure it in another way or another unit. | −0.7 pmol/L Median within-subject copeptin difference Dose studied: 1.5 mg once weekly3 weeksn = 542026 |
|---|
| LipidsMetabolic and weightCompared as: value in the arm that got the peptide, in mmol/l | No comparable result 3 randomized-trial results measure it in another way or another unit. | −0.2 mmol/L Total cholesterol change Placebo: 0.3 mmol/L Dose studied: 1.5 mg weekly26 weeksn not reported2018 |
|---|
| Body weightMetabolic and weightCompared as: difference from placebo, in kg | No randomized trial result 1 result from other study designs. | −2.9 kg Baseline-adjusted difference in weight change Dose studied: 1.5 mg once weekly12 weeksn = 2552023 |
|---|
| Respiratory functionRespiratoryCompared as: difference from placebo, in % | −2.5% Difference in success Dose studied: 0.03 mg/kgn = 462000 | No randomized trial result 2 results from other study designs. |
|---|
| Appetite and food intakeKidney and urinaryCompared as: difference from placebo, in % | No randomized trial result 12 results from other study designs. | −17% Relative reduction in fluid intake · Shown as a change. The study reports a relative reduction in fluid intake of this size. Dose studied: 1.5 mg weekly3 weeksn = 342021 |
|---|
| Electrolyte balanceKidney and urinaryCompared as: difference from placebo, in ml | No randomized trial result 2 results from other study designs. | −100 ml Median fluid intake difference Dose studied: 1.5 mg once weekly3 weeksn = 202020 |
|---|
| Gastrointestinal motilityGastrointestinalCompared as: value in the arm that got the peptide, in mmhg | 5.9 mmHg LES resting pressure (mean) · after 0.5 mg glucagon Dose studied: 0.5 mgn = 101999 | No randomized trial result 2 results from other study designs. |
|---|
| Cardiometabolic risk factorsMetabolic and weightCompared as: value in the arm that got the peptide, in % | No randomized trial result 1 result from other study designs. | 56.5% Composite endpoint prevalence · Dulaglutide at week 52 Dose studied: 0.75 mg52 weeksn not reported2024 |
|---|
| Kidney functionKidney and urinaryCompared as: value in the arm that got the peptide, in ml/min per 1.73 m² | No randomized trial result 7 results from other study designs. | 34 mL/min per 1.73 m² eGFR (CKD-EPI cystatin C, geometric LSM) · dulaglutide 1.5 mg, 52 weeks Dose studied: 1.5 mg weekly52 weeksn not reported2018 |
|---|
No comparable result
2 randomized-trial results measure it in another way or another unit.
4.3%
HF event proportion
Placebo: 4.6%
Median 5.4 yearsn = 9,9012022
No comparable result
1 randomized-trial result measure it in another way or another unit.
−0.7 pmol/L
Median within-subject copeptin difference
Dose studied: 1.5 mg once weekly3 weeksn = 542026
No comparable result
3 randomized-trial results measure it in another way or another unit.
−0.2 mmol/L
Total cholesterol change
Placebo: 0.3 mmol/L
Dose studied: 1.5 mg weekly26 weeksn not reported2018
No randomized trial result
1 result from other study designs.
−2.9 kg
Baseline-adjusted difference in weight change
Dose studied: 1.5 mg once weekly12 weeksn = 2552023
−2.5%
Difference in success
Dose studied: 0.03 mg/kgn = 462000
No randomized trial result
2 results from other study designs.
No randomized trial result
12 results from other study designs.
−17%
Relative reduction in fluid intake · Shown as a change. The study reports a relative reduction in fluid intake of this size.
Dose studied: 1.5 mg weekly3 weeksn = 342021
No randomized trial result
2 results from other study designs.
−100 ml
Median fluid intake difference
Dose studied: 1.5 mg once weekly3 weeksn = 202020
5.9 mmHg
LES resting pressure (mean) · after 0.5 mg glucagon
Dose studied: 0.5 mgn = 101999
No randomized trial result
2 results from other study designs.
No randomized trial result
1 result from other study designs.
56.5%
Composite endpoint prevalence · Dulaglutide at week 52
Dose studied: 0.75 mg52 weeksn not reported2024
No randomized trial result
7 results from other study designs.
34 mL/min per 1.73 m²
eGFR (CKD-EPI cystatin C, geometric LSM) · dulaglutide 1.5 mg, 52 weeks
Dose studied: 1.5 mg weekly52 weeksn not reported2018
Registered trials, ranked by phase (late phases first), then posted results and enrollment. Status is the registry status. Study results come from published studies. Results posted at ClinicalTrials.gov are shown on each trial page.
Top 3 of 218 trials, ranked by phase, then posted results and enrollment: 3 completed · 3 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)
Zealand Pharma170 participants7 Dec 2017 to 25 May 2018
Hypoglycemia · Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Xeris Pharmaceuticals132 participants27 Sept 2018 to 2 Apr 2019
Insulin Hypoglycemia · Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus · Severe Hypoglycemia
Eli Lilly and Company129 participantsMay 2014 to Aug 2015
Hypoglycemia · Diabetes Mellitus · Drug-Specific Antibodies
926 more mention it but do not test it. They only measure it or name it in their text.
Top 3 of 124 trials, ranked by phase, then posted results and enrollment: 3 completed · 3 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)
Eli Lilly and Company13,299 participants29 May 2020 to 12 Jun 2025
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Eli Lilly and Company9,901 participants22 Jul 2011 to 21 Aug 2018
Cardiovascular Disease · Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Eli Lilly and Company1,842 participants5 Apr 2018 to 10 Oct 2019
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
19 more mention it but do not test it. They only measure it or name it in their text.