Neuromuscular Changes In Small For Gestational Age Children During Somatropin Therapy

K-ABC was assessed in children between 2.5-12.5 years. Comprised of 16 subtests; 10 mental processing (intelligence) and 6 achievement subtests. Achievement subtests: expressive vocabulary, faces\&places, arithmetic, riddles, reading/decoding, reading/comprehension. Sixteen subtests were weighted accordingly to form 5 global scales: sequential processing, simultaneous processing, achievement, non-verbal and mental processing composite. Scores were rated as upper extreme \[greater than (\>) 131\], above average (116-130), average (85-115), below average (70-84), lower extreme \[less than (\<) 69\].

K-ABC was assessed in children between 2.5-12.5 years. Comprised of 16 subtests; 10 mental processing (intelligence) and 6 achievement subtests. Achievement subtests: expressive vocabulary, faces\&places, arithmetic, riddles, reading/decoding, reading/comprehension. Sixteen subtests were weighted accordingly to form 5 global scales: sequential processing, simultaneous processing, achievement, non-verbal and mental processing composite. Scores were rated as upper extreme \[greater than (\>) 131\], above average (116-130), average (85-115), below average (70-84), lower extreme \[less than (\<) 69\].

The KITAP is a computer aided standardized neuro-cognitive development test which allows examination of a wide range of attention and executive functions such as shift of attention (Distractibility); simple reaction time (Alertness); "Sustained Attention", change of reaction (Flexibility); "Divided Attention", controlled reaction disposition (Go/No go) and "Vigilance". It has been designed appropriately for children between the age of 6 to 10 years to allow optimal motivation during testing and to increase validity of results.

The KITAP is a computer aided standardized neuro-cognitive development test which allows examination of a wide range of attention and executive functions such as shift of attention (Distractibility); simple reaction time (Alertness); "Sustained Attention", change of reaction (Flexibility); "Divided Attention", controlled reaction disposition (Go/No go) and "Vigilance". It has been designed appropriately for children between the age of 6 to 10 years to allow optimal motivation during testing and to increase validity of results.

NVLT was assessed for visual memorization that was difficult to verbalize. Test recorded instability index, T-scores\[sum of differences of correct {C} - incorrect {IC} "Yes" answers(1);sum of C "Yes" answers(2);sum of IC "Yes" answers(3);sum of differences of C-IC "Yes" answers with high associative items{ 87%-95%}(4);sum of differences of C-IC "Yes" answers with low associative items{ 54%-64%}(5); difference between difference values for high and low associative items(6)\].Scores were rated as below average(\<40), average(40-60), above average(\>60) and working time ranging between 9-12 minutes.

NVLT was assessed for visual memorization that was difficult to verbalize. Test recorded instability index, T-scores\[sum of differences of correct {C} - incorrect {IC} "Yes" answers(1);sum of C "Yes" answers(2);sum of IC "Yes" answers(3);sum of differences of C-IC "Yes" answers with high associative items{ 87%-95%}(4);sum of differences of C-IC "Yes" answers with low associative items{ 54%-64%}(5); difference between difference values for high and low associative items(6)\].Scores were rated as below average(\<40), average(40-60), above average(\>60) and working time ranging between 9-12 minutes.

CBCL was standardized for children ages 4 to 18 years and measured child internalizing and externalizing behaviors and total problems. The 4-18 years' checklist contains 140 questions and responses were recorded on a Likert scale: 0 = Not True, 1 = Somewhat or Sometimes True, 2 = Very True or Often True. The range of possible values was 0-280 (0=good to 280=worst).

PJP was defined as the peak of the calculated power (force multiplied by velocity). It was measured by Leonardo Jumping Platform during one leg jump. The participant performs 3 jumps and the highest peak (PJP) of the 3 recordings was selected for further calculations. The SDS indicates how similar the participant was to the reference population.

PJF was defined as the maximum of force of the ascending part of the jump which the participant performed as a counter-movement jump with freely moving arms and as high as possible with the head and chest. It was measured by Leonardo Jumping Platform during one leg jump. The SDS indicates how similar the participant was to the reference population.

Vmax was measured by Leonardo Jumping Platform during one leg jump.

The Chair rising test is a performance test (total power output) to measure neuromuscular function of complex movement in standing up. Test allows diagnostics of movement deficits using Leonardo jump plate. Five stand up test: five repetitions of rising from a chair on jump plate as quickly as possible with arms crossed over the chest (time to perform the tasks, maximal PJP, maximal velocity and maximal PJF). PJP is defined as the peak of the calculated power (force multiplied by velocity).

The Chair rising test is a performance test (total power output) to measure neuromuscular function of complex movement in standing up. Test allows diagnostics of movement deficits using Leonardo jump plate. Five stand up test: five repetitions of rising from a chair on jump plate as quickly as possible with arms crossed over the chest (time to perform the tasks, maximal PJP, maximal velocity and maximal PJF). PJP is defined as the peak of the calculated power (force multiplied by velocity).

The Chair rising test is a performance test (total power output) to measure neuromuscular function of complex movement in standing up. Test allows diagnostics of movement deficits using Leonardo jump plate. Five stand up test: five repetitions of rising from a chair on jump plate as quickly as possible with arms crossed over the chest (time to perform the tasks, maximal PJP, maximal velocity and maximal PJF). PJF is the maximum force of the ascending part of the jump which the participant performed as a counter-movement jump with freely moving arms as high as possible with the head and chest.

The Chair rising test is a performance test (total power output) to measure neuromuscular function of complex movement in standing up. Test allows diagnostics of movement deficits using Leonardo jump plate. Five stand up test: five repetitions of rising from a chair on jump plate as quickly as possible with arms crossed over the chest (time to perform the tasks, maximal PJP, maximal velocity and maximal PJF). PJF is the maximum force of the ascending part of the jump which the participant performed as a counter-movement jump with freely moving arms as high as possible with the head and chest.

The Chair rising test is a performance test (total power output) to measure neuromuscular function of complex movement in standing up. Test allows diagnostics of movement deficits using Leonardo jump plate. Five stand up test: five repetitions of rising from a chair on jump plate as quickly as possible with arms crossed over the chest (time to perform the tasks, maximal PJP, maximal velocity and maximal PJF). Vmax is defined as the maximum jump velocity.

The Chair rising test is a performance test (total power output) to measure neuromuscular function of complex movement in standing up. Test allows diagnostics of movement deficits using Leonardo jump plate. Five stand up test: five repetitions of rising from a chair on jump plate as quickly as possible with arms crossed over the chest (time to perform the tasks, maximal PJP, maximal velocity and maximal PJF). Vmax is defined as the maximum jump velocity.

Chair rising test is performance test (total power output) to measure neuromuscular function of complex movement in standing up. Test allows diagnostics of movement deficits using Leonardo jump plate. Five stand up test: 5 repetitions of rising from a chair on jump plate as quickly as possible with arms crossed over chest (time to perform tasks, maximal PJP, maximal velocity and maximal PJF). Time to perform task includes: Average (avg) rise time which is avg time to perform 1 rise, avg time per test is the avg time to perform 1 test (rise and sitting down) and total time to perform 5 tests.

Chair rising test is performance test (total power output) to measure neuromuscular function of complex movement in standing up. Test allows diagnostics of movement deficits using Leonardo jump plate. Five stand up test: 5 repetitions of rising from a chair on jump plate as quickly as possible with arms crossed over chest (time to perform tasks, maximal PJP, maximal velocity and maximal PJF). Time to perform task includes: Average (avg) rise time which is avg time to perform 1 rise, avg time per test is the avg time to perform 1 test (rise and sitting down) and total time to perform 5 tests.

The Chair rising test is a performance test (total power output) to measure neuromuscular function of complex movement to stand up. Test allows diagnostics of movement deficits using Leonardo jump plate. One stand up test: rising from a chair on the jump plate as quickly as possible with arms crossed over the chest (analysis of time, PJP, PJF and time of fastest rising). PJP is defined as the peak of the calculated power (force multiplied by velocity).

The Chair rising test is a performance test (total power output) to measure neuromuscular function of complex movement to stand up. Test allows diagnostics of movement deficits using Leonardo jump plate. One stand up test: rising from a chair on the jump plate as quickly as possible with arms crossed over the chest (analysis of time, PJP, PJF and time of fastest rising). PJF is the maximum force of the ascending part of the jump which the participant performed as a counter-movement jump with freely moving arms as high as possible with the head and chest.