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Study · Measured the body's own peptide · 2026

4 results

Vasoactive intestinal Peptide as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review.

Cabrera-Martín A, Juarranz Y, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Martínez C

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders5 Jul 2026

PMID42447728 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1016/j.msard.2026.107377 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-42447728
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

BackgroundBiomarkers are crucial in multiple sclerosis (MS) to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and disease monitoring in this heterogeneous immune-mediated disorder. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an immunomodulatory and neuroprotective neuropeptide with established effects in preclinical models, but its biomarker utility remains uncertain. This review evaluated VIP expression as an MS biomarker.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies included original clinical research measuring VIP levels, genetic variants, or expression of VIP and its receptors in MS patients. Reviews, non-clinical, animal or in vitro studies, and non-English publications were excluded. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by several reviewers. Due to methodological heterogeneity, qualitative synthesis was conducted, and risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool.ResultsSeven studies published between 1984 and 2024 met inclusion criteria. Most studies reported reduced VIP concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid or blood compared with healthy donors, although statistical significance was inconsistent and methodological differences limited direct comparisons. One recent study suggested moderate diagnostic performance of serum VIP and subtype-specific differences. Genetic studies showed no association between VIP variants and MS susceptibility. Tissue analyses revealed heterogeneous, subtype-dependent alterations in VIP and its receptors expression.ConclusionsClinical evidence supporting VIP as a biomarker in MS remains limited since most available evidence is cross-sectional and lacks prognostic utility. Substantial heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and moderate-to-high bias preclude firm conclusions. Larger studies, standardized quantification methods, and longitudinal designs are needed to clarify its biomarker value.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study4

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured4

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 01HumanEndogenous levelSystematic reviewOther

    In a systematic review of clinical studies in people with multiple sclerosis, most studies reported lower VIP concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid or blood than in healthy donors, but significance was inconsistent.

    In plain wordsIn people with MS, most studies found lower levels of the body's own VIP than in healthy people, but results were not consistent.

    Peptide
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
    Outcome
    DecreaseVIP concentration in cerebrospinal fluid or blood in MS versus healthy donors
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Healthy donors
    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Most studies reported reduced VIP concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid or blood compared with healthy donors, although statistical significance was inconsistent and methodological differences limited direct comparisons.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Eligible studies included original clinical research measuring VIP levels, genetic variants, or expression of VIP and its receptors in MS patients.

    This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  2. 02HumanEndogenous levelSystematic reviewOther

    In one recent study of people with multiple sclerosis, serum VIP showed moderate diagnostic performance and differences between MS subtypes.

    In plain wordsOne recent study found that the body's own VIP in blood had moderate value for diagnosing MS and differed between MS subtypes.

    Peptide
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
    Outcome
    Not applicableDiagnostic performance of serum VIP in MS
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    One recent study suggested moderate diagnostic performance of serum VIP and subtype-specific differences.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Eligible studies included original clinical research measuring VIP levels, genetic variants, or expression of VIP and its receptors in MS patients.

    This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  3. 03HumanEndogenous levelSystematic reviewOther

    Genetic studies in multiple sclerosis found no association between VIP variants and susceptibility to the disease.

    In plain wordsGenetic studies found no link between variants of the gene for the body's own VIP and the risk of MS.

    Peptide
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
    Outcome
    No significant changeAssociation of VIP gene variants with MS susceptibility
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Genetic studies showed no association between VIP variants and MS susceptibility.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Eligible studies included original clinical research measuring VIP levels, genetic variants, or expression of VIP and its receptors in MS patients.

    This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  4. 04HumanEndogenous levelSystematic reviewOther

    In tissue from people with multiple sclerosis, VIP and its receptors showed heterogeneous alterations that depended on the MS subtype.

    In plain wordsIn MS tissue, levels of the body's own VIP and its receptors changed in different ways depending on the MS subtype.

    Peptide
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
    Outcome
    MixedVIP and VIP receptor expression in MS tissue
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Tissue analyses revealed heterogeneous, subtype-dependent alterations in VIP and its receptors expression.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Eligible studies included original clinical research measuring VIP levels, genetic variants, or expression of VIP and its receptors in MS patients.

    This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    9 Oct 2026, 19:08 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 12:40 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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