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Study · Not a test of the peptide alone · 2026

10 results

Thymalfasin combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective study on efficacy, safety, and immunological function.

Wang P, Zhang X, Xiang C, Li G, Zhang Y

Pakistan journal of medical sciences1 Mar 2026

PMID41994384 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC13080045 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.12669/pjms.42.3.13385 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-41994384
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Summary

ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunomodulatory effects of thymalfasin in combination with different immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based regimens in patients with advanced driver gene-negative non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).MethodologyA retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients with advanced NSCLC treated at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital between January 2021 to December 2024. Patients were assigned to three groups: Group-A(n= 42), platinum-based doublet chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-B(n= 44), single-agent chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-C(n= 34), ICIs + thymalfasin. Assessed objective response rate(ORR), disease control rate(DCR), progression-free survival(PFS), overall survival (OS), adverse events(AEs), immunological indices, and quality of life score and 6-min walk distance [6MWD]).ResultsORR and DCR did not differ significantly among groups(P> 0.05, respectively). Median PFS and OS were significantly longer in chemotherapy-containing regimens(Groups-A and B) compared with Group-C(P <0.05, respectively), whereas no significant differences were observed between Groups-A and B. The incidence of AEs, including myelosuppression and gastrointestinal reactions, was comparable across groups(all P> 0.05). After treatment, all groups demonstrated significant improvements in immunological function(all P< 0.05), with Group-A showing the most pronounced increases in CD4+, IgG, and IgA levels compared with Group-C (P< 0.05, respectively). Improvements in FACT-L scores were most evident in Group-A (P< 0.05), and declines in 6MWD were smallest in this group(P< 0.05).ConclusionThymalfasin combined with ICIs and chemotherapy, particularly platinum-based doublet regimens, may significantly prolong survival, enhance immune function, and improve quality of life in patients with advanced NSCLC, without increasing treatment-related toxicity.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study10

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone10

In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.

  1. 01HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In advanced NSCLC, objective response rate did not differ significantly among three thymalfasin plus ICI regimens, with or without chemotherapy.

    In plain wordsIn lung cancer patients, three treatment plans that all included thymalfasin had similar response rates.

    Peptide
    Thymosin alpha-1
    Outcome
    No significant changeObjective response rate across regimens
    Study

    n = 120

    Comparator
    Group A, B and C regimens
    Outcome group
    Tumor growth · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    ORR and DCR did not differ significantly among groups(P> 0.05, respectively)
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients with advanced NSCLC treated at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital between January 2021 to December 2024.
    Summary · context
    Patients were assigned to three groups: Group-A(n= 42), platinum-based doublet chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-B(n= 44), single-agent chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-C(n= 34), ICIs + thymalfasin.

    In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.

  2. 02HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In advanced NSCLC, disease control rate did not differ significantly among three thymalfasin plus ICI regimens.

    In plain wordsIn lung cancer patients, three treatment plans that all included thymalfasin had similar disease control rates.

    Peptide
    Thymosin alpha-1
    Outcome
    No significant changeDisease control rate across regimens
    Study

    n = 120

    Comparator
    Group A, B and C regimens
    Outcome group
    Tumor growth · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    ORR and DCR did not differ significantly among groups(P> 0.05, respectively).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients with advanced NSCLC treated at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital between January 2021 to December 2024.
    Summary · context
    Patients were assigned to three groups: Group-A(n= 42), platinum-based doublet chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-B(n= 44), single-agent chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-C(n= 34), ICIs + thymalfasin.

    In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.

  3. 03HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In advanced NSCLC, median progression-free survival was longer with chemotherapy plus ICIs plus thymalfasin (Groups A and B) than with ICIs plus thymalfasin (Group C).

    In plain wordsIn lung cancer patients, adding chemotherapy to immune therapy with thymalfasin was linked to longer time without progression than immune therapy with thymalfasin alone.

    Peptide
    Thymosin alpha-1
    Outcome
    IncreaseMedian progression-free survival, chemotherapy regimens versus ICIs plus thymalfasin
    Study

    n = 120

    Comparator
    Group C (ICIs + thymalfasin)
    Outcome group
    Tumor growth · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Median PFS and OS were significantly longer in chemotherapy-containing regimens(Groups-A and B) compared with Group-C(P <0.05, respectively), whereas no significant differences were observed between Groups-A and B.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients with advanced NSCLC treated at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital between January 2021 to December 2024.
    Summary · context
    Patients were assigned to three groups: Group-A(n= 42), platinum-based doublet chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-B(n= 44), single-agent chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-C(n= 34), ICIs + thymalfasin.

    In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.

  4. 04HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In advanced NSCLC, median overall survival was longer with chemotherapy plus ICIs plus thymalfasin (Groups A and B) than with ICIs plus thymalfasin (Group C).

    In plain wordsIn lung cancer patients, adding chemotherapy to immune therapy with thymalfasin was linked to longer survival than immune therapy with thymalfasin alone.

    Peptide
    Thymosin alpha-1
    Outcome
    IncreaseMedian overall survival, chemotherapy regimens versus ICIs plus thymalfasin
    Study

    n = 120

    Comparator
    Group C (ICIs + thymalfasin)
    Outcome group
    Mortality · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Median PFS and OS were significantly longer in chemotherapy-containing regimens(Groups-A and B) compared with Group-C(P <0.05, respectively), whereas no significant differences were observed between Groups-A and B.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients with advanced NSCLC treated at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital between January 2021 to December 2024.
    Summary · context
    Patients were assigned to three groups: Group-A(n= 42), platinum-based doublet chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-B(n= 44), single-agent chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-C(n= 34), ICIs + thymalfasin.

    In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.

  5. 05HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In advanced NSCLC, median PFS and OS did not differ significantly between platinum-doublet (Group A) and single-agent chemotherapy (Group B) regimens with ICIs and thymalfasin.

    In plain wordsIn lung cancer patients, the two chemotherapy plans with thymalfasin gave similar survival.

    Peptide
    Thymosin alpha-1
    Outcome
    No significant changeSurvival, Group A versus Group B
    Study

    n = 120

    Comparator
    Group B
    Outcome group
    Mortality · Cancer

    Source sentences

    Summary
    whereas no significant differences were observed between Groups-A and B.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients with advanced NSCLC treated at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital between January 2021 to December 2024.
    Summary · context
    Patients were assigned to three groups: Group-A(n= 42), platinum-based doublet chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-B(n= 44), single-agent chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-C(n= 34), ICIs + thymalfasin.

    In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.

  6. 06HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In advanced NSCLC, the incidence of adverse events, including myelosuppression and gastrointestinal reactions, was comparable across the three regimens.

    In plain wordsIn lung cancer patients, side effects were similar across the three treatment plans that included thymalfasin.

    Peptide
    Thymosin alpha-1
    Outcome
    No significant changeIncidence of adverse events
    Study

    n = 120

    Comparator
    Group A, B and C regimens
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The incidence of AEs, including myelosuppression and gastrointestinal reactions, was comparable across groups(all P> 0.05).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients with advanced NSCLC treated at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital between January 2021 to December 2024.
    Summary · context
    Patients were assigned to three groups: Group-A(n= 42), platinum-based doublet chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-B(n= 44), single-agent chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-C(n= 34), ICIs + thymalfasin.

    In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.

  7. 07HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In advanced NSCLC, immunological function improved significantly after treatment in all three thymalfasin plus ICI regimens.

    In plain wordsIn lung cancer patients, immune measures improved in all three treatment plans that included thymalfasin.

    Peptide
    Thymosin alpha-1
    Outcome
    IncreaseImmunological function after treatment
    Study

    n = 120

    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    After treatment, all groups demonstrated significant improvements in immunological function(all P< 0.05)
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients with advanced NSCLC treated at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital between January 2021 to December 2024.
    Summary · context
    Patients were assigned to three groups: Group-A(n= 42), platinum-based doublet chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-B(n= 44), single-agent chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-C(n= 34), ICIs + thymalfasin.

    In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.

  8. 08HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In advanced NSCLC, Group A showed larger increases in CD4+, IgG and IgA than Group C.

    In plain wordsIn lung cancer patients, the chemotherapy-plus-immune-therapy plan raised CD4, IgG and IgA more than immune therapy with thymalfasin alone.

    Peptide
    Thymosin alpha-1
    Outcome
    IncreaseCD4+, IgG and IgA increase, Group A versus Group C
    Study

    n = 120

    Comparator
    Group C (ICIs + thymalfasin)
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    with Group-A showing the most pronounced increases in CD4+, IgG, and IgA levels compared with Group-C (P< 0.05, respectively).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients with advanced NSCLC treated at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital between January 2021 to December 2024.
    Summary · context
    Patients were assigned to three groups: Group-A(n= 42), platinum-based doublet chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-B(n= 44), single-agent chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-C(n= 34), ICIs + thymalfasin.

    In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.

  9. 09HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In advanced NSCLC, improvements in FACT-L scores were most evident in Group A.

    In plain wordsIn lung cancer patients, quality of life scores improved most in the platinum-chemotherapy plan with thymalfasin.

    Peptide
    Thymosin alpha-1
    Outcome
    IncreaseFACT-L quality of life score
    Study

    n = 120

    Outcome group
    Quality of life · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Improvements in FACT-L scores were most evident in Group-A (P< 0.05)
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients with advanced NSCLC treated at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital between January 2021 to December 2024.
    Summary · context
    Patients were assigned to three groups: Group-A(n= 42), platinum-based doublet chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-B(n= 44), single-agent chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-C(n= 34), ICIs + thymalfasin.

    In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.

  10. 10HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In advanced NSCLC, the decline in 6-minute walk distance was smallest in Group A.

    In plain wordsIn lung cancer patients, walking distance fell least in the platinum-chemotherapy plan with thymalfasin.

    Peptide
    Thymosin alpha-1
    Outcome
    DecreaseDecline in 6-min walk distance
    Study

    n = 120

    Outcome group
    Exercise and physical function · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    and declines in 6MWD were smallest in this group(P< 0.05).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients with advanced NSCLC treated at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital between January 2021 to December 2024.
    Summary · context
    Patients were assigned to three groups: Group-A(n= 42), platinum-based doublet chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-B(n= 44), single-agent chemotherapy + ICIs + thymalfasin; Group-C(n= 34), ICIs + thymalfasin.

    In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 3Current

    10 Oct 2026, 08:19 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 2

    9 Oct 2026, 03:03 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:02 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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